Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, and cellulose

• Where is glycogen primarily located in the body?

  Liver and muscle cells
• How does glycogen's energy release compare to starch's energy storage?

  Glycogen releases energy rapidly, starch does not
• How do polysaccharides compare to monosaccharides and disaccharides in complexity?

  They are longer and more complex
• What is the chemical formula for cellulose?

  $(C_6H_{10}O_5)_n$
• What is the name of the structure shown in the image?

  Cellulose structure
• How is glucose produced from starch used in the body?

  To produce energy
• How do the chains of cellulose arrange themselves?

  They arrange in parallel
• How does amylose contribute to energy storage?

  Efficient storage due to linear structure
• What holds the parallel chains of cellulose together?

  Hydrogen bonds
• What are the key structural features of the α-1,6-Glycosidic bond?

  • The bond connects two glucose units
  • The bond is formed between the 1st carbon of one glucose and the 6th carbon of another glucose
  • The bond has an "alpha" configuration
• What type of bonds does cellulose form between glucose units?

  β(1→4) glycosidic bonds
• What type of carbohydrate is this compound considered?

  Disaccharide
• How does the structure of glycogen compare to amylopectin?

  Glycogen has more frequent branching
• How does glycogen provide energy when needed?

  It breaks down to glucose for quick energy
• What are the main functions of polysaccharides?

  • Energy storage
  • Structural support
• What is the main structural component of plant cells?

  Cell wall
• What is the main function of glycogen in the body?

  Rapid glucose release
• What is glycogen made of?

  Glucose units
• What is the main energy storage form in animals and fungi?

  Glycogen
• What are the main components of the cellulose structure?

  • Glucose units
  • Hydrogen bonds between glucose units
  • Repeating pattern of glucose units
• What is the difference between glycogen and starch?

  Glycogen stores energy in animals, starch in plants
• How does the α-1,6-Glycosidic bond differ from the α-1,4-Glycosidic bond found in starch?

  The α-1,6-Glycosidic bond connects glucose units at the 6th carbon, while the α-1,4-Glycosidic bond connects them at the 4th carbon
• What type of bonds create branch points in glycogen?

  α(1→6) glycosidic bonds
• What are the key functional groups present in the compound?

  • Hydroxyl (-OH) groups
  • Ether (-O-) linkages
• What is the role of α(1→4) glycosidic bonds in glycogen?

  They link the main glucose chain
• How does the structure of amylose differ from that of amylopectin in terms of bonding?

  Amylose has α(1→4) bonds; amylopectin has both α(1→4) and α(1→6) bonds
• What are some of the key functions of cellulose in plants?

  • Provides structural support and rigidity to plant cell walls
  • Allows for the transport of water and nutrients in plants
  • Serves as a major component of plant biomass
• What is the significance of glycogen's structure for glucose release?

  • Highly branched structure
  • Allows rapid glucose release when needed
• How does the repeating pattern of glucose units in cellulose differ from the structure of other carbohydrates like starch?

  Cellulose has a linear, crystalline structure, while starch has a branched, amorphous structure
• What effect do α(1→6) glycosidic bonds have on glycogen?

  They create branching in the structure
• What are polysaccharides classified as?

  Large carbohydrates
• What analogy is used to describe glycogen's function?

  It's like a backup battery for energy
• What type of bonds connect glucose units in glycogen?

  α(1→4) glycosidic bonds
• How do the hydrogen bonds between glucose units in cellulose contribute to its structural properties?

  • Hydrogen bonds provide strength and rigidity to the cellulose structure
  • They allow cellulose to form long, linear chains
  • This gives cellulose its characteristic fibrous and crystalline structure
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  It provides structural support and protection for the plant cell
• What is the subunit of cellulose?

  β-glucose
• What is the subunit of starch?

  α-glucose
• What are the key differences between amylose and amylopectin?

  • Amylose:
  • Linear structure
  • Slower digestion
  • Amylopectin:
  • Branched structure
  • Faster digestion
• Why is the structure of amylopectin different from amylose?

  Amylopectin has branched chains, while amylose has a straight chain structure
• What is the chemical formula of the compound shown?

  CH2OH-O-CH-OH-CH2-O-CH-OH-CH2OH