Mr Black PE

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Bicepking

Cards (57)

What’s ejection fraction ?
Ejection fraction is the percentage of blood pumped out of the heart's left ventricle with each contraction.
order of the impulse from the SA node?
Sinoatrial node
atrioventrical node
bundle of his
purkinje branches
ventricular systole
What’s venous return ?
The flow of blood from the veins back to the heart.
What’s end diastolic volume ?
The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, just before contraction.
whats starlings law of the heart ?
Increased venous return means that there is greater diastolic filling of the heart which causes the cardiac muscle to stretch which then allows for a more forceful contraction leading to increased ejection fraction
What changes the hearts rhythm ?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
What does sets the hearts rhythm ?
The sinoatrial node
What does the parasympathetic branch do ?
Slows down heart rate and decreases the strength of contractions
What does the sympathetic branch do ?
speeds up heart rate and increases the strength of contraction
what is adrenaline ? 
a hormone released from the adrenal glands and mimics the action of the sympathetic system
How does heart rate increase during exercise ?
increased carbon dioxide in the blood
increased blood acidity
chemoreceptors (carotid artery)
medulla oblongata
sympathetic system
sinoatrial node
How does breathing increase during exercise ?
increased carbon dioxide in blood
increased blood acidity
chemoreceptors (carotid artery)
medulla oblongata
sympathetic system
phrenic nerve
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
What’s the function of the heart ?
To work as a double pump system to move oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood throughout the body
What do stretch receptors do ?
prevent lungs from over inflating
What helps faster and deeper breathing ?
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
pectoralis minor
What is minute ventilation ?
total volume of air inhaled and exhaled from the lungs per minute
what causes changes in minute ventilation ?
The more demanding the physical activity is
increase in the oxygen demand
What’s anticipatory rise ? 
In anticipation worry stress before an event adrenaline will be released to increase heart rate
How do heart attacks occur ?
When low density lipoproteins start to cause blockages
these cause blood clots in the coronary arteries meaning the heart has limited oxygen supply
What do high density lipoproteins do ?
Go straight to the liver to be stored as glucagon and glycogen which can be later used as energy
What do baroreceptors do ?
Detect changes in blood pressure
What do proprioceptors do ?
Provide information about muscle movement and body positions
What’s cardiovascular drift ?
Increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise due to dehydration and increased body temperature
Order of blood vessels?
heart
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
What is venous return ?
The return of blood back to the right side of the heart
Methods of venous return ?
Skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
pocket valves
muscle in the walls of the veins
gravity
suction pump
When does blood redistribution start ?
the same time the heart rate increases
What is the AVO2 diff ?
arteriovenous oxygen difference, which is the difference in oxygen content between arterial blood and venous blood
What happens in the AVO2 diff ?
More oxygen is taken up by tissues and more carbon dioxide is released
more oxygen entering the arteries and less entering the veins
What’s the oxyheamoglobin disassociation curve ?
Relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.
What’s the Bohr shift ?
The Bohr shift is when an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood causes a decrease in the affinity of heamoglobin for oxygen, resulting in the release of more oxygen to the tissues.
What direction does the Bohr shift shift towards ?
Right
Why does the Bohr shift shift towards the right ?
The heamoglobin has a decreased affinity for oxygen
a shift to the left means that heamoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
Order of the Bohr shift ?
carbon dioxide in the blood
increased acidity
body temperature increases
initiation of heamoglobin to release more oxygen (dissociate)
more oxygen can be used by the muscles
the oxyheamoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right
What’s the myoglobin ?
like heamoglobin but in the muscles
has a higher affinity for oxygen
What are the muscle fibre types ?
Slow-twitch (I)
fast glycolitic (IIb IIx)
fast oxidative glycolitic (IIa)
structural characteristics of muscle fibres ?
motor neuron speed
motor neuron conduction capacity
mitochondrial density
Myoglobin content
capillary density
functional characteristics of muscle fibres ?
contraction speed
fatiguability
aerobic capacity
anaerobic capacity
What do muscle spindles do ?
detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produce the stretch reflex
What do the Golgi tendon organs do ?
Detect tension in muscles
they also initiate autogenic inhibition