DNA sequencing + profiling

• DNA sequencing can sequence a gene, or it can go as far as sequencing a whole genome.
• PCR is used for DNA amplification
• Goal of the sanger sequencing reaction is to separately identify the locations of each of the four nucleotides
• DNA polymerase binds at the primer and makes DNA based off the template
• When reading a DNA sequence from a gel, we read the smallest fragment first because it represents the DNA fragment which ended one primer
• The difference between gel and capillary electrophoresis is that capillary electrophoresis uses fluorescent chain-terminating nucleotides
• In capillary electrophoresis, DNA fragments are run through a thin tube filled with gel, rather than a gel box
• In capillary electrophoresis, not gel electrophoresis, fluorescence is measured by a detector and recorded over time to produce an electropherogram.
• In medicine, DNA sequencing can be used to determine if a patient is at risk of (or affected by) a genetic disease.
• By analysing the genes associated with genetic diseases, we can determine whether a patient has a genetic disease or are likely to develop one.
• • In genome mapping, DNA sequencing is used to determine the locations of genes and the distances between them.
• Potential drug targets and variations in drug targets can be identified using DNA sequencing.
• DNA sequencing is used in evolutionary biology to determine inheritance patterns.
• Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a substitution mutation.
• DNA sequencing can be used to determine how closely related two species are.
• DNA sequencing alone can't be used to treat genetic disorders.
• DNA sequencing can be used to study the proteins encoded by genes because genes contain the information needed to make functional proteins
• There are similarities between the genomes of unrelated individuals.
• STRs are a string of repeating nucleotide units that are usually 2-5 bases long.