Carbon Compounds

• Carbon Compounds - Pt. 1

  • Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that have bonds between carbon atoms.
  • Carbon...
  • forms four covalent bonds (a lot compared to hydrogen and oxygen)
  • can form many covalent bonds with atoms like O, H, N, S, & P
  • results in large chains and rings that form the backbone of large organic compounds that build living organisms

  
• Carbon Compounds - Pt. 2

  • These large carbon compounds are formed from smaller organic molecules called monomers
  • When many monomers are joined through a reaction called polymerization, larger organic polymers are formed.
  • these larger organic polymers are called macromolecules

  
• Carbohydrates - Structure

  • made of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
  • C6H12O6
  • The building blocks (monomers) are simple carbohydrates called monosaccharides (sugars)
  • ex: glucose, galactose, fructose
  • disachharides are two monosaccharides bonded together
  • glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
  • polysacchaties are large carbohydrates made from many monosaccharies (sugars) joined together
  • ex. starch

  
• Carbohydrates - Functions & Examples

  • Quick energy
  • Carbohydrates (like starch) are broken down into glucose through digestion and cells use the glucose for making ATP (usable chemical energy)
  • Plant cell walls
  • Cellulose is a tough carbohydrate that makes cell walls for plant support
  • Carbohydrates can be found in foods such as: potatoes, gluten-items, fruits, etc.
• Lipids - Structure

  • C, H, O
  • Generally not soluable in water
  • Building blocks (monomers):
  • 3 fatty acids - long chains of carbon & hydrogen
  • 1 glycerol

  
• Lipids - Functions & Examples

  • Long-term energy storage
  • Lipids are used after carbohydrates are used up
  • ex: fats & oils
  • Builds of structural parts of cell membranes
  • These lipids are called phospholipids
  • Waterproof coverings - wax
  • Forms sex hormones - cholesterol
  • Lipids can be found in foods such as: butter, oil, avocado, & egg yolk
• Proteins - Structure (Pt. 1)

  • C, H, O, N (S - sometimes)
  • Building blocks (monomers): amino acids
  • 20 different amino acids (A.K.A. peptides)
  • Many amino acids join together through peptide bonds
  • A long chain formed from amino acids is called a polypeptide chain, forming the final protein.

  
• Proteins - Structure (Pt. 2)

  • The function of a protein is determined by its shape
  • Different arrangements of the 20 amino acids determine the way a polypeptide chain folds and therefore forms its shape.
  • Similar to using and arranging the 26 letters in the alphabet to create words
  • The instructions for arranging amino acids into a protein comes from DNA

  
• Proteins - Functions & Examples

  • Enzymes: control the rate of reactions in cells
  • Structural: form parts of body tissues - bone, muscle, hair (keratin), skin (collagen)
  • Membrane proteins: transport substances into or out of cells
  • Anti-bodies: help to fight disease
  • Receptors: on cell membranes to help with communication between cells
  • Protein can be found in foods such as: meat, dairy, & nuts
• Nucleic Acid - Structure

  • CHNOP
  • Building block (monomer): nucleotide
  • sugar - deoxyribose
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogen base group (four types)
  • Adenine (A), C (Cytosine), G (Guanine), & Thymine (T)
  • DNA is made when two strands are connected in the middle like a twisted ladder.
  • Called the "Double Helix"

  
• Nucleic Acid - Functions & Examples

  • Stores genetic info needed to make proteins
  • Transmit heredity (genetic) info to offspring
  • Two kinds of nucleic acids:
  • ribonucleic acid - RNA
  • deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA
  • All food have the components needed to make DNA & RNA