Mixed questions

• Metabolism

  Anabolism+catabolism. the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Enzymatic Reactions inside a living organism
• Carbon


  Carbon is an element with the atomic number 6, meaning it has four electrons in its outer shell. These electrons can form covalent bonds with carbon atoms or atoms of other elements. This allows a diversity of stable compounds to exist.
• Lipids


  A diverse group of Carbon containing macromolecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen(but does not have a 2:1 ratio of h:o like carbs. Some examples include fat(solid at room temperature), and oil(liquid at room temperature) Steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. The monomer of a lipid are Fatty Acids. Lipids store more energy than carb per gram, 17 kj/g vs fats 37 kj/g. Means better for long term energy storage

  
• Proteins


  A carbon containing macromolecule that is made up of amino acids. Forms muscles.Made of C,H,O,N and other elements depending of R on AA. gENES CODE FOR SEQUENCE OF aa AND NUMBER OF aa IN EACH POLY CHAIN. 4 levels of conformation-Primary, secondary, tertiary, quatenary. 2 structures, fiberous and globular.
• Organic Compounds

  A carbon containing compound such as a macromolecule. Not every carbon compound is an organic compound(ex CO2, CO, Carbonates, bicarbonates, etc) because they are too simple
• Carbohydrates


  A carbon containing macromolecule that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. A good way to identity them is if the ratio of Hydrogen:oxygen is 2:1(ex C12H22O11 is a carb because H:O is 2:1) They mainly provide energy, in the form of sugars like glucose and fructose, but they also make up structures like cellulose, which form the cell wall of plant cells. Di/poly saccarhides formed through glycosidic bond on either C 1,4 or C 1,6
• Nucleic acids


  A carbon containing macromolecule formed by nucleotides. Examples include DNA and RNA, which store genetic information.
• Monomers

  building blocks of polymers
• Polymers


  large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
• Starch


  A complex carb(polysaccharide) that is made up of many glucose units. Is a plant storage molecule. Made of Alpha D glucose. Two main monomers for it:Amylopection and Amylose. Amylopectin makes up 80% of starch content in potatoes and r more sought out after for glue manufacturing.Glucose monomers can form a long, unbranched chain known as amylose or a branched chain called amylopectin. A starch molecule consists of both forms: unbranched amylose and branched amylopectin.Amylopectin gives starch its characteristic stickiness. This is very useful in the food, paper and chemical industries, where it is used to make paste, glue (adhesive) or as a lubricant.Amylopectin makes up 80% of the starch content in potatoes. A genetically modified potato which predominantly produces amylopectin starches (useful for adhesive making), has been produced and approved for cultivation. Amyplocetin makes glue, lubricant, and paste
• Ribose


  A five-carbon sugar present in RNA

  
• alpha-D-glucose


  Used in the production of ATP in cells. Present in starch and glycogen

  
• beta-D-glucose


  Used to build cell walls in plants. IN CELLULOSE ONLY

  
• ATP

  Adenosine triphosphate, source of stored energy for living processes. Energy is locked in phosphate bonds.
• Triglycerides


  Form of dietry fats found in meat, dairy, and cooking oils and are used for energy by the cell. Many proteins are triglycerides, which are Made up of a condensation reaction of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol which form together to create an esther bond.(o-c=o section)

  
• Steroids

  A type of lipid. include cholesterol and sex hormones(ex. testosterone,prostergone, estrogene )

  
• Phosopholipids


  Primary structural component of cellular membrane
• structural proteins


  Proteins such as keratin and collagen that form the structural framework of many parts of the body.
• Enzymes

  Metabolic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

  
• DNA

  deoxyribonucleic acid is a type of nucleic acid used to store genetic information.
• RNA

  ribonucleic acid is a type of nucleic acid used to create proteins at ribosomes using the information stored in DNA.
• Polysaccharides


  Energy storage or structural component. complex carbohydrates composed of several monosaccharides linked together. Examples include Starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Are not sweet, soluble, or crystalline. Key one is starch, made of amylopection and amylose, w alpha d glucose as monomer.
• Disaccharide


  Complex sugars made up of a reaction of two monosaccharides. Examples include maltose(glucose+glucose) sucrose(glucose+fructose) and lactose(glucose+galactose). Are crystalline, sweet, and soluble. Formed in a condensation reaction via glycosidic bond
• Monosaccharides

  Most basic monomer of which all carbs are built. Examples include glucose, fructose, ribose, and galactose. Are crystalline, sweet, and soluble. Can form a glycosidic bond with other monosaccharides through a condensation reaction.
• Reducing sugars


  Sugars that can donate electrons.
• Reducing sugar test


  Heat food extract with Benedict's solution to test for reducing sugars. If it goes brick red then a reducing sugar is present.
• Starch test

  Add drop of iodine to food extract, if it turns a dark blue it contains starch
• Fat emulsion test


  Tests for lipids. Add ethanol to food extract and shake thoroughly before pouring into test tube containing water of equal volume. If there is emulsion/turns cloudy and frothy, lipids are present
• Biuret test


  tests for proteins Add biuret solution to food extract and mix. If it turns a purple, protein is present
• Amino Acids


  Building block of protein that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,(all four are present in ALL amino acids) and traces of other elements(type varies). There are 20 types of amino acids with the distinguishing feature being the variable element. On the diagram for amino acid there is the amino group on the left, and the carboxyl group on the right. The r represents the variable element that changes throughout the types. There are two types that contain sulphur as the R 1. Methionine 2. Cysteine. Different types of Amino acid can react together via condensation reaction to form a polypeptide. Polypeptides can then be conformed into 4 different types:primary, secondary, tertiary, quateneary

  
• How to distinguish alpha D glucose from Beta D

  On the digram, the H and OH on the right are switch. For Alpha the H is on the top, and the OH on the bottom. For Beta OH on type, h on bottom. The h is a alpha male. its on top guys oh my god
• Sucrose

  Disaccharide:glucose + fructose
• Lactose

  Disaccharide:glucose + galactose
• Maltose

  Disaccharide:glucose + glucose
• Cellulose


  polysaccharide:Beta-d-glucose. ONLY ONE THAT HAS BETA D
• Glycogen


  polysaccharide:Alpha-D-glucose
• Methionine


  Amino acid containing sulphur

  
• Cysteine

  Amino acid containing sulphur

  
• Respiration


  The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain.

  
• Photosythensis


  the process by which plant cells internally produce food in the form of glucose by using energy foem sunlight and combining carbon dioxide and water