6.1

• Absorption


  the movement of a substance, such as a liquid or solute, across a cell membrane by means of diffusion, osmosis, or active transport.
• Amylase


  an enzyme,produced by salivary glands and pancreas, that converts starch (amylose) into maltose. Optimum pH of 7.
• Cellulose


  a polysaccharide that is composed of beta glucose units.
• Circular muscles

  the inner layer of smooth (involuntary) muscle of the muscle coat (muscularis externa) of the small intestine in which the muscle fibres encircle the lumen.
• Dialysis


  the separation of smaller molecules from larger molecules, or of dissolved substances in a solution by selective diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane,
• Endopeptidase


  any of a large group of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in the interior of a polypeptide chain or protein molecule.
• Enzymes

  proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms and functioning as biochemical catalysts.
• Epithelium


  the thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body's surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structures.
• Glycogen


  a polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals and occurs primarily in the liver and muscle tissue. It is readily converted to glucose when needed by the body to satisfy its energy needs.
• Lipase


  a pancreatic enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of lipids through the hydrolysis of the linkages between fatty acids and glycerol in triglycerides and phospholipids. Optimum pH 7.
• Liver


  a large glandular organ located in the upper right side of the abdominal cavity active in the secretion of bile and various metabolic processes.

  
• Longitudinal muscles


  (of the stomach) the outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscles, continuous with that of the esophagus.
• Lumen


  the inner open space or cavity of the small intestine.
• Macromolecule


  a very large molecule, such as a polymer or protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked together.
• Mineral ions


  individual elements with an electrical charge.
• Monomer


  a molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer.
• Mucosa


  a mucus-secreting membrane lining all bodily passages that are open to the air, such as the digestive tract.
• Nucleic acids


  complex compounds found in all living cells composed of bases, carbohydrates, and phosphoric acid. Nucleic acids in the form of DNA and RNA control cellular function and heredity.
• Pancreas


  a gland in vertebrates, lying behind the stomach, that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum and insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.

  
• Small intestine


  the narrow, winding, upper part of the intestine where digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed by the blood.

  
• Starch


  a polysaccharide composed of glucose units that occurs widely in plant tissues in the form of storage.
• Villus (plural villi)


  one of the minute finger-shaped processes of the mucous membrane of the small intestine that serve in the absorption of nutrients.

  
• Vitamin


  any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal growth and activity of the body and obtained naturally from plant and animal foods.
• ingestion


  Intake of food
• digestion


  a series of chemical reactions, whereby you convert the ingested food to smaller and smaller molecular forms
• absorption


  small molecular forms are absorbed through cells of your digestive system and pass into nearby blood or lymphatic vessels
• transport


  your circulatory system delivers the small molecular nutrients to your body cells
• molecules before and after digestion


  type>form ingested>after digestionprotein > protein > amino acidslipids > triglycerides > glycerol and fatty acidscarbs > polysaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides > monosaccharidesnucleic acids > DNA, RNA > nucleotides
• hydrolyse


  break down food by reacting with water
• pepsin


  produced by stomach cells that break down proteins (polypeptides) into amino acids. Optimum pH 3 (acidic).
• lacteal


  a small vessel of your lymphatic system just like a capillary is a small vessel of your circulatory system

  
• hydrochloric acid


  helps degrade and break down foods and creates the acidic pH necessary for pepsin to be active
• mucus


  lines the inside of the stomach wall to prevent stomach damage form the hydrochloric acid
• gastric juice


  produced and secreted by stomach. composed of pepsin, hydrochloric acid and mucus.
• duodenum


  first part of the small intestines that receives digestive secretions from the liver (bile) and pancreas (trypsin, lipase, amylase, and bicarbonate)

  
• large intestine


  absorbs water and with the help of E. coli helps prepare unabsorbed food materials for elimination in feces

  
• bile


  A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.
• endonuclease


  an enzyme that hydrolyses DNA
• facilitated diffusion


  molecules pass across the membrane down their concentration gradient through cell membrane channels
• sodium-potassium pump


  Lowers the Na ion concentration within epithelial cells lining the small intestine