Fermentation

• Fermentation is the breakdown of sugars in the absence of oxygen, and all available energy extracted from glucose is 2 ATP.
• Certain bacteria produce chemicals of industrial importance through fermentation.
• Foods that are fermented last longer because fermenting organisms remove many nutrients that would attract other microorganisms.
• The consumption of 2 ATP is a fast process in fermentation.
• Fermentation needs a large supply of glucose to perform the same work as in aerobic respiration.
• Glucose is partially oxidized in the process of fermentation.
• In aerobic respiration, all available energy extracted from glucose ranges from 36 to 38 ATP.
• 39% of the energy from glucose is transferred to ATP in aerobic respiration.
• Human muscle cells feel burning sensations and pain when lactate accumulates, leading to oxygen debt in aerobic respiration.
• Human brain cells cannot perform lactic acid fermentation.
• In fermentation, all available energy extracted from glucose is 2 ATP.
• Certain bacteria produce chemicals of industrial importance through fermentation, the breakdown of sugars in the absence of oxygen.
• Fermentation needs a large supply of glucose to perform the same work as aerobic respiration.
• Respiration is the process in which organisms exchange gases between their body cells and the environment.
• Respiration is the act of inhaling and exhaling air in order to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide.
• Oxygen is a chemical element with an atomic number of 8.
• Oxygen forms a chemical compound (O2) of two atoms which is a colorless gas at normal temperatures and pressures.
• Oxygen atoms are very reactive, and are incorporated into many common chemical compounds, such as water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3), and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2).
• Oxygen plays a vital role in energy production via a system called electron transport chain (ETC), which is an important component of cellular respiration.
• The electron transport chain produces adenosine triphosphate, the main cellular energy.
• Oxygen acts as a final electron acceptor that helps move electrons down a chain that results in adenosine triphosphate production.
• Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), into pyruvic acid (CH₃COCOOH) and is a series of reactions that help extract energy from glucose.
• Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that does not require oxygen.
• Alcoholic fermentation, also called Ethanol fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
• The main role of NAD+ in metabolism is the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another.