inflammation

• What is inflammation a response to?

  Tissue and cell injury
• What are the main functions of inflammation?

  Eliminates injurious agents and removes necrotic cells
• Can inflammation be harmful?

  Yes, it can cause harm
• How is inflammation classified?

  By time: acute and chronic
• What are the signs of inflammation?

  Hyperaemia, pain, exudation, loss of function
• What does hyperaemia indicate in inflammation?

  Redness and warmth due to increased blood flow
• What causes pain during inflammation?

  Nerve injury and chemical mediators
• What is acute inflammation?

  Initial transient tissue reactions
• How long does acute inflammation last?

  Less than 48 hours
• What are the main components of acute inflammation?

  Fluid accumulation and plasma protein exudation
• Which leukocytes are primarily involved in acute inflammation?

  Neutrophils
• What are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

  • Resolution: tissue returns to normal
  • Suppuration: formation of pus
  • Progression to chronic inflammation
  • Repair with organization or progressive fibrosis
• What characterizes chronic inflammation?

  Insidious onset and prolonged tissue reaction
• How long does chronic inflammation last?

  More than 48 hours
• Which cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

  Lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
• What are the causes of chronic inflammation?

  • Persistent infections
  • Endogenous materials (e.g., bone chip)
  • Exogenous materials (e.g., asbestos)
  • Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)
  • Specific chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., bronchial asthma)
  • Progression from acute inflammation
  • Recurrent episodes of acute inflammation
• What happens to blood flow during inflammation?

  Increased blood flow due to vascular dilation
• What causes increased hydrostatic pressure during inflammation?

  Increased blood volume
• What is the effect of increased vascular permeability?

  More fluid in the extracellular matrix
• What is the main leukocyte involved in inflammation?

  Neutrophil
• What is fluid exudate composed of?

  Protein-rich fluid containing plasma proteins
• What does pus contain?

  Living, dead, dying neutrophils and debris
• Which cell is primarily involved in acute inflammation?

  Neutrophil
• Which cell is primarily involved in chronic inflammation?

  Lymphocyte
• What are the roles of neutrophils in inflammation?

  • Movement towards insult
  • Adhesion to microorganisms
  • Phagocytosis
  • Intracellular killing (oxygen-dependent and independent)
• What is the oxygen-dependent mechanism of neutrophils?

  Respiratory burst and free radical formation
• What is the oxygen-independent mechanism of neutrophils?

  Lysosomal enzyme release
• What are the roles of macrophages in inflammation?

  • Amoeboid movement
  • Phagocytic activity
  • Recruitment of immune cells
  • Activation by lymphocytes and cytokines
• What causes vascular dilation during inflammation?

  Histamines, prostaglandins, nitric oxide
• What is the effect of increased vascular permeability?

  Causes swelling, pain, and loss of function
• What causes leukocyte recruitment to the site of injury?

  IL-1, TNF-alpha, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
• What are the chemical mediators in inflammation?

  • Released from phagocytes, leukocytes, endothelial cells
  • Act on small blood vessels
  • Promote loss of plasma to ECM
  • Recruit circulating leukocytes to injured area
• What characterizes granulomatous inflammation?

  • Presence of granulomas
  • Indigestible substances (bacteria, fungi, virus)
  • Granuloma: collection of 5+ macrophages in epithelioid shape
• What characterizes non-granulomatous inflammation?

  • Accumulation of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
  • Cells scattered without forming granulomas
  • Commonly associated with tissue necrosis and fibrosis