Unit 2 reactions

• Halogenoalkane to alcohol?

  Nucleophilic substitution

  Alkaline hydrolysis

  NaOH(aq)

  Heat under reflux
• Halogenoalkane to alkene?

  Elimination

  conc. NaOH in ethanol (warm) reflux
• Alkane to halogenoalkane?

  Photochlorination of alkanes

  Free radical substitution

  Halogen and UV light
• Alkane to alkene?

  Cracking

  Heat and catalyst
• Alkene to Alkane?

  Electrophilic addition

  Ni catalyst 150C
• Alkene to halogenoalkane?

  Electrophilic addition

  conc HCl + Bromine water
• Alkene to alcohol?

  Electrophilic addition

  300C and H3PO4
• Alkene to polymer?

  Polymerisation

  High pressure and Peroxide initiator
• Alcohol to aldehyde?

  Oxidation

  K2Cr2O7 (acidified) distill off

  Orange to green
• Alcohol to ketone?

  Oxidation

  K2Cr2O7 (acidified) reflux

  Orange to green
• Alcohol to alkene?

  Elimination

  conc. H2SO4 in excess of 170C
• Alcohol to carboxylic acid?

  Oxidation

  K2Cr2O7 (aq) reflux

  Orange to green
• Aldehyde to carboxylic acid?

  Oxidation

  K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4
• Carboxylic acid to salt?

  Neutralisation

  Test for CO2 with limewater
• Carboxylic acid to ester?

  Esterification

  conc. H2SO4 catalyst, heat under reflux
• What is the test for an alkene?

  Bromine water

  Orange to colourless
• What is the test for a halogenoalkane?

  Add NaOH (aq)

  Ethanol

  Silver nitrate (AgNO3)
• What colour is AgCl percipitate?

  White
• What colour is AgBr percirpitate?

  Cream
• What colour is AgI percipitate?

  Yellow
• What is the test for an alcohol?

  Add acidified K2Cr2O7

  Primary and secondary alcohols = orange to green

  Tertiary = no change
• What is the test for a carboxylic acid?

  Add sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3

  CO2 gas is formed
• What can primary alcohols be oxidised to?

  Aldehydes then further to carboxylic acids
• What can secondary alcohols be oxidised to?

  Ketones