resistance to social influence

• What is social support in the context of resistance to social influence?


  Support from a dissenter helps resist pressure
• How does social support affect conformity and obedience?


  It allows individuals to act independently
• What was the result of Milgram’s variation with a disobedient confederate?


  Obedience fell to 10%
• What does locus of control measure?


  Belief in personal control over life events
• How do 'internals' differ from 'externals' in locus of control?


  Internals attribute success to personal effort
• Why are 'internals' more likely to resist influence?


  They take personal responsibility for actions
• What did Allen and Levine (1971) find about social support?


  Dissenters reduce conformity levels
• What percentage of 'internals' refused to obey in Holland's study?


  37%
• What did Twenge et al. (2004) find about locus of control in Americans?


  More resistant to obedience but more external
• What is minority influence?


  Small group influences larger group's beliefs
• What are the three key factors for successful minority influence?


  Consistency, commitment, and flexibility
• What is the snowball effect in minority influence?


  Minority view becomes majority view over time
• How did Moscovici's study demonstrate the importance of consistency?


  Participants agreed more with consistent confederates
• What is a limitation of Moscovici's research on minority influence?


  It lacks external validity due to artificial tasks
• What happens when participants can write answers down in Moscovici's variation?


  More agreement with the minority occurs
• What is social change?


  Adoption of new attitudes by societies
• How can a minority influence social change?


  By being consistent, committed, and flexible
• What is social cryptoamnesia?


  Population forgets how change occurred
• How does normative influence affect social change?


  Encourages others to conform to new behaviors
• What did Nolan et al. (2008) find about energy use messages?


  Messages are more effective with social comparison
• What do studies like Moscovici, Asch, and Milgram suggest about social change?


  Consistency and dissenters are important factors
• Why does social change happen slowly in reality?

  Explanations of social change are limited
• Who studied conformity by judging line lengths?

  Asch
• What is the definition of obedience?

  Performing an action due to instruction
• Which explanation of conformity results in internalisation?

  Informational influence
• What percentage of Milgram’s participants went to the maximum shock level?

  65%
• Who developed the concept of the authoritarian personality?

  Adorno
• Are people with an external locus of control more or less likely to conform?

  More likely to conform
• How many participants were in Milgram’s original study?

  40
• Where did Zimbardo’s prison study take place?

  Stanford
• Which of these is not a type of conformity?

  Normative
• What is one strength of social support interventions?

  Research evidence for positive effects
• What did Albrecht (2006) study regarding pregnant adolescents?

  Access to mentors versus no social support
• What were the results of Albrecht's study on smoking?

  Mentored adolescents smoked less than others
• What does the evidence from Albrecht suggest about social support?

  It empowers individuals to resist harmful pressures
• What is another strength related to dissenting peers?

  Research evidence supporting their role in resistance
• What did Gamson (1982) observe about group resistance?

  Higher resistance levels in groups than alone
• What percentage of participants rebelled in Gamson's study?

  88% rebelled against the orders
• What does Gamson's study highlight about peer support?

  It challenges authority and encourages disobedience
• What is a strength related to locus of control (LOC) and obedience?

  Research evidence supporting the link between LOC and resistance