Content

• What is migration?

  Movement of people across a boundary
• How does the UN define permanent migration?

  Change in residence lasting 1 year
• What is internal migration?

  Movement within a country
• What is international migration?

  Movement from one country to another
• What is the aim of all migration?

  To improve quality of life
• What are the two types of migration?

  Voluntary and forced migration
• What is net migration?

  Number of migrants entering minus those leaving
• What does 'origin' refer to in migration?

  Country/region migrants were at before
• What does 'destination' refer to in migration?

  Place/region they migrated to
• What is a migration stream?

  Migrants sharing a common origin and destination
• What is a counterstream in migration?

  Migrant returns to their origin
• What is chain migration?

  Pioneering migrants lead others to follow
• What is relay migration?

  Different family stages responsible for migration
• What is stepped migration?

  Rural migrants move to small towns then cities
• What are the socio-economic push factors of migration?

  • Weak economy
  • High tax
  • Lack of jobs
  • High inflation
  • Low living standards
  • Low pay
  • Persecution
  • Dangerous conditions
  • High crime
  • Lack of housing
  • Poor health care
• What are the socio-economic pull factors of migration?

  • Strong economy
  • Low tax
  • Better jobs
  • Low inflation
  • Higher living standards
  • High pay
  • Freedom
  • Safer conditions
  • Low crime
  • More housing
  • Better healthcare
• What are the physical push factors of migration?

  • More natural disasters
  • Colder climates
  • Pollution
  • Extreme weather
  • Poor agricultural land
• What are the physical pull factors of migration?

  • Less natural disasters
  • Warmer climates
  • Cleaner environments
  • Arable land
• What are the political push factors of migration?

  • Conflict
  • Government policy
  • Lack of liberty
  • Corruption
• What are the political pull factors of migration?

  • Peace
  • Chill government
  • Freedom
  • Stability
• What are the five migratory types according to W. Peterson?

  Primitive, forced, impelled, free, mass
• What are barriers to return migration?

  Racial or political problems in original area
• What are reasons to return migration?

  Earned enough money or causes removed
• What can we identify about migration based on the diagram?

  1. Migration can be forced or voluntary
  2. Migrations occur between origin and destination
  3. Migrations face barriers and obstacles

  
• What factors influence patterns of migration related to family life cycle?

  Single adults find it easier to migrate
• What percentage of migrants in Mexico are under 19?

  46.9%
• What percentage of migrants in Tanzania are under 19?

  61.8%
• Which continent has the largest percentage of young migrants?

  Africa
• What percentage of migrants in the USA are aged 20 to 64?

  80.7%
• What percentage of migrants in the Middle East are aged 20 to 64?

  97.2%
• Which continent has the largest percentage of older migrants?

  Europe
• What does the gravity model of migration predict?

  • Migration is determined by size of settlements
  • Distance between two places
• What is stepped migration?

  • Initial move from rural to small urban area
  • Migrants build skills and confidence
  • May develop personal contacts
• What is Lee's model of migration?

  • Movement between two places interrupted by opportunities
  • Intervening obstacles affect migration decisions
• What are the constraints and barriers to migration?

  • Environmental: natural disasters, landscapes
  • Economic: wealth, employment, infrastructure
  • Social: friends/family
  • Political: war, visas, government policy
• What are E.S. Lee's principles of migration?

  1. Factors linked to place of origin
  2. Factors linked to place of destination
  3. Intervening obstacles
  4. Personal factors
• What are the costs associated with migration?

  Closing up, actual movement, opening up costs
• What are the three parts of the cost of migration?

  Closing up, actual cost, opening up
• What are government attitudes towards international migration?

  Government laws present strong barriers
• How have government attitudes towards migration changed over time?

  • Prior to 1914: No controls
  • 1914-1945: Migration curtailed
  • After 1945: Encouraged migrants
  • 1970s: Tightening of policy
  • 1980s: Immigration increased
  • 1990s: New restrictions