Organic Chemistry

• Empirical formula is the simplest form of a chemical formula that indicates the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.
• Molecular formula is a chemical formula that indicates the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.
• General formula is a chemical formula that indicates the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.
• Structural formula is a chemical formula that indicates the structure of a molecule.
• Displayed formula is a chemical formula that indicates the structure of a molecule.
• Skeletal formula is a chemical formula that indicates the structure of a molecule.
• Formulae can be represented in several different ways, including structural, displayed, skeletal, and molecular formulae.
• Formulae can be used to display several different types of information about a molecule, including the number and type of atoms, the bonding in the molecule, and the structure of the molecule.
• Formulae can be used in several different ways in organic chemistry, including drawing structural, displayed, and skeletal formulae for given organic compounds, outlining the characteristics of a homologous series, and understanding the bonding in organic compounds.
• Carbon is able to form bonds between atoms of the same element, a process known as catenation.
• Carbon forms chains and rings, with single, double and triple covalent bonds, because it is able to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.
• The strength of the C-C covalent bond is responsible for the vast number of carbon compounds formed by carbon.
• Isomers show similar chemical properties because the same functional group is present.
• In 1-chlorobutane, the chlorine is on carbon 1, while in 2-chlorobutane, it's on carbon 2.
• Physical properties such as density and boiling point show trends according to the degree of branching.
• Structural Isomerism – Positional also involves the position of a halogen in a halogenalkane.
• Structural Isomerism – Positional involves the same carbon skeleton, same functional group, but the functional group is in a different position.
• Structural Isomerism – Chain Position involves the position of a double bond in alkenes.
• Structural Isomerism – Functional Group involves a different functional group, different chemical properties, and different physical properties.
• “Straight” chain isomers have higher values than branched ones as the degree of branching decreases the effectiveness of intermolecular forces.
• In 1,3-dichlorobenzene, the chlorines are at relative positions 1,2, while in 1,2-dichlorobenzene, they're at relative positions 1,4.
• In pent-1-ene, the double bond is between carbons 1 and 2, while in pent-2-ene, it's between carbons 2 and 3.
• There are no other isomers with five C’s in the longest chain but there are three other structural isomers with a chain of four carbons plus one in a branch.
• The two structures on the left representing 2-methylbutane are the same, all we've done is flip the molecule over.
• The bonding in a molecule can be simplified by writing, for example, CH3 or CH2 instead of showing all these bonds.
• The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in the molecule is represented by the empirical formula.
• The molecular formula of a molecule gives the exact number of atoms of each element present in the molecule.
• Ethanoic acid can be represented in a fully displayed form and a simplified form as CH3COOH.
• The bonding in the organic molecule isn't important in cases like the combustion of simple hydrocarbons.
• There are two different ways of arranging the atoms if you draw a displayed formula for the molecule CH2Cl2.
• The next three structures all represent butane.
• The convention is that you always look for the longest possible chain of carbon atoms, and then draw it horizontally.
• Anything else is simply hung off that chain.
• All of the following represent exactly the same molecule.
• The other structure representing 2-methylbutane isn't obvious until you look at the structure in detail.
• A displayed formula shows both the relative placing of atoms and the number of bonds between them.
• The two structures representing CH2Cl2 are actually the same.
• Methane isn't flat with 90° bond angles.
• All of these structures represent four carbon atoms joined up in a line, with some rotation about some of the carbon-carbon bonds.
• Carbon-carbon covalent bonds can be single, double or triple, and different atoms or groups of atoms can be placed on the carbons.