History 3-4

• Medicine and Astrology (ancient times):

  • blame all the diseases on conjunctions of planets
• Medieval Physicians:

  • blamed bad air
• Hippocrates' humoral theory was adapted by Christian and Islamic cultures.

  • imbalance of 4 liquids in the body
  • nature's healing powers (humans do not need to do anything about it)
• Illness is natural, not supernatural, it comes from the imbalance of the 4 humors @Hippocrates
• EPILEPSY:

  • in the past: a sacred disease
  • after Hippocratic explanation: accumulation of the phlegm in the veins of the head.
• DOGMATIC SCHOOL:

  • Diocles and Paxagoras (a student of Aristotle)
  • illness is a natural process (Hippocrtaes' idea)
  • the aim: to find all hidden CAUSES of diseases
  • more of anatomy, less of actual healing
• EMPIRIC SCHOOL:

  • Serapion and Philinus
  • seeking causes of illnesses is fruitless because nature is incomprehensible
  • observation -- history of illness -- analogy
  • fundamental for modern toxicology and pharmacology
• ROMAN MEDICINE

  • narrow
  • on the surgical level only
  • Greek prisoners of war served as physicians
• Cato the Elder (кот)

  • despised Greek physicians
• METHODIC SCHOOL:

  • Themison (Thames) founder, Thesalsus (thesis), is the shaper
  • 3 types of illness
  • Status strictus, laxus, mixtus
• Asclepiades’ corpuscular theory: 

  • Disease results from the irregular or inharmonious motion of corpuscles in our body 
• Celsus (like Celsius)

  • wrote De medicina octo Libri -- the most comprehensive history of medicine book.
• GALEN

  • ACCEPTED the humoral theory but developed treatments for the imbalance, which Hippocrates wasn't ever going to do.
  • ACCEPTED Aristotle's theory of purposively built nature.
  • Disease --> imbalance can be not only throughout the whole body, but also localised
  • CLINICAL observation: heat(calor), redness (rubor), pain (dolor), swelling (tumor)
• Cassiodorus (КАС), Paul of Aegina (пол), MAimonides (май) --. supporters of Galen in medieval times
• Medieval times --> medicine is in stagnation.

  • Diseases' origin is a mixture of faith, astrology, traditional beliefs
  • Performance of natural treatments for the diseases
• Miasma theory - the belief that bad air, polluted air caused a disease (connection with malaria)
• FRACASTRO (фрак для фэнси наименований):

  • concepts of infection and contagion
  • came up with the word "contagious" --> seed-like beings
• Sydenham (СИдней и Хам):

  • each disease is present by means of a different cause.
• SMALLPOX (DEVASTATING DISEASE OF THE 18TH CENTURY):

  • INOCULATION --> The first method against the smallpox
  • VARIOLISTAION --> invented by Timoni (Тимон), who witnessed it in Istanbul, INTRODUCED TO ENGLAND by Lady Mary.
  • VACCINATION --> 1796 BY JENNER (aka the father of immunology)
• JENNER:

  • noticed that one could get protection from deadly smallpox if they had cowpox before
  • invented VACCINATION 1796
• Janssen (Янис):

  • 1590 --made the first microscope
• ANTON van Leeuwenhoek:

  • first to describe structure of: RBC, muscle fibers and spermatazoa
• BASSI (басик с патогенами)

  • diseases are caused by pathogenic organisms --> on;y on theory, no experimental proof.
• SNOW (lands on top)

  • CHOLERA
  • it's not the air, but the water system which was the ''pathological" element of cholera
  • pioneer of modern epidemiology.
• Pasteur (пастор микробов)

  • experimentally proved the microbial (germ) origin of some diseases
  • ПАСТЕРИЗАЦИЯ молока
  • vaccine for rabies, anthrax (антракт)
  • --> EXPLORED THEORY OF DISEASES
• KOCH:

  • isolated the causative agents of cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax
  • introduced agar to stabilise in-vitro bacterial cultures
  • received a Nobel prize for the tuberculosis findings but failed to develop a drug against it.
• THE 4 POSTULATES OF KOCH:

  • microorganism must be found in abundance in diseased organism
  • microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  • microorganism should cause disease when introduced to the healthy organism
  • that microorganism should be re-isolated from the inoculated organism to see if it's identical to the original microorganism
• von Behring (RING)

  • diphtheria antitoxin in 1890, serum therapy against diphtheria
• Илья Мечников:

  • phagocytosis
• Laveran (лава ран):

  • noticed granules of black pigment in the blood which was specific to malaria
• ROSS (как Росмэн):

  • continued Laveran's work and detected malaria parasite
  • found out that mosquitos are the intermediate hosts for bird malaria
• Enrlich:

  • side-chain theory |serum, enabling the measurement of the amount of antigen
• Salvarsan (salvation):

  • developed the first effective treatment against syphilis
• Kugel (кегля):

  • magic bullet notion: an ideal therapeutic agent that annihilates only the targeted organisms --> beginnings of chemotherapy
• Amida (mid):

  • good descriptions of rectum cancer and carcinoma of uterus
• Avenzoar (безоар) -- тот самый, что делал dissections legally

  • stomach and esophagus cancers' descriptions
• GALEN:

  • DESCRIBED CANCER AS A "CRAB-LIKE" GROWING DISEASE
• Benivieni (бенвинуто пато анатомия!)

  • "gave birth" to patho anatomy
  • in 15th century was the first one to use dissections to determine the cause of disease
  • descriptions of ruptured aorta, gastric carcinoma, thrombosed vessels
• Vesalius (верасаль - возрождение правильных анатомических понятий)

  • the one who opposed Galen's teachings
  • was planning to publish his work on patho anatomy
• Fernel (ferret species)

  • precise classification of diseases
  • distinguish syptoms from signs