INDUSTRIAL

• How did science and technology change in Industrial times?

  • Enlightenment (1700s) , culture of science, reason, and experimentation , church completely lost its power and influence
  • Powerful microscopes after 1850
  • Petri dish invented in 1881 to examine bacteria
• How did the government contribute to Industrial Medicine?

  • Laissez-faire attitude towards public health
  • Gradually became more involved after:

  → Chadwick’s Report on Living Conditions (1842)

  → The Great Stink (1858)  → Germ Theory (1861)

  → Voting Rights (1867) for working class people
• What did the key individual Edward Jenner do?

  • developed the first vaccine - Smallpox 1796
  • made the deadly & contagious disease less likely to spread
• What did the key individual James Simpson do ?

  • developed the first successful anaesthetic - Chloroform 1847
• What did the key individual Florence Nightingale do?

  • Improved nursing & hospitals in the 1850s
• What did the key individual John Snow do ?

  • Identified the cause of Cholera in 1854
• What did they key individual Louis Pasteur do?

  • Created Germ Theory in 1861
  • produced vaccines in 1880s - Anthrax (1881) , Rabies (1885)
• What did the key individual Joseph Lister do?

  • developed carbolic acid and later turned it into Carbolic Spray ( an antiseptic) in 1867
• What did the key individual Joseph Bazalgette do?

  • built London's sewage system in 1868
• What did the key individual Robert Koch do? 


  • identified bacteria that caused disease in the 1880s
• What idea about the cause of disease continued into Industrial times?

  • Miasma - Cholera outbreaks blamed on bad air
  • Slowly faded away after Germ Theory
• What new ideas were there about the cause of disease in Industrial times?

  • Spontaneous Generation ,popular theory → Decaying matter creates germs , supported by scientists such as Dr Henry Bastian
  • Germ Theory by Louis Pasteur (1861) → Germs cause disease

  Developed into the Theory of Infection (1878)

  • Identifying Bacteria , Robert Koch identified disease-causing bacteria

  1876 → Anthrax       1882 → TB      1883 → Cholera
• What treatments of disease continued into Industrial times?

  • Herbal remedies - Victorian herb shops were very popular
  • Used new ingredients from the British Empire
• What new treatments were used in Industrial times?

  • 'Patent' Medicines - ‘cure-all’ medicines marketed as treating everything , they often contained dangerous ingredients eg Holloway’s Pills to treat stomach aches
  • Hydrotherapy - based on the belief that water had healing potential, mentally ill patients were soaked in water
• How did people prevent disease in industrial times?

  • Vaccinations
  • 1796 → Smallpox vaccine developed by Jenner
  • 1880s → New vaccines developed by Pasteur 

  → Anthrax (1881) and Rabies (1885)
• How did the Government prevent disease in industrial times?

  • 1842 Report on living conditions by Chadwick
  • 1848 Public Health Act → optional and ineffective
  • 1875 Public Health Act → Clean water, drainage, sewers, medical officer for every area → compulsory
  • 1868 → Underground sewers built by Bazalgette
• How did people prevent infection in industrial times?

  • 1870s → Antiseptic surgery developed by Lister
  • 1890s → Aseptic surgery → sterilised equipment
• How did surgery develop in Industrial times?

  • Anaesthetics - Chloroform, by James Simpson (1847) , Inhaler invented by John Snow for easier dosage, Made popular by Queen Victoria’s use in childbirth
  • Antiseptics - Carbolic spray, by Joseph Lister (1867)- Reduced infection rate from 50% to 15%
  • Aseptic surgery in 1890s - Surgical equipment sterilised to prevent bacteria, Surgeons wore gowns, face masks, and gloves
• What were hospitals like before Nightingale? (1700s & 1800s)

  • Funded by charities and wealthy individuals
  • Regular visits from doctors
  • Often dirty and unsanitary → infection spread
• How were hospitals like after Nightingale?

  • Nightingale wrote Notes on Hospitals (1863)

  → Pavilion style hospitals with separate wards

  → Clean environment with good airflow
• How did Nightingale improve nursing in Industrial times?

  • Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing (1859) → Trained nurses washed patients, changed clothes, and provided clean bedding
  • Nightingale School for Nurses (1860) set up
• What was Cholera like in Industrial times?

  • Cholera - Caused by contaminated water → more waste from growing population in towns and cities
  • Regular epidemics (outbreaks) in the 1800s that killed thousands → blamed on miasma
• What are the features of the Cholera outbreak of 1854?

  • John Snow's Investigation - Used a ghost map to investigate the cause of the 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho, London
  • Discovered the problem → waste from a leaking cesspit contaminated the Broad Street water pump
  • Impact - Miasma theory challenged , Government’s laissez-faire attitude weakened