Module 4 - Core organic

• homologous series:

  • a series of organic molecules with the same function group with each successive member differing by CH2
• functional group:

  • part of an organic molecule responsible for its function and chemical reactions
• aliphatic hydrocarbon:

  • carbons are joined in branches
• alicyclic hydrocarbon:

  • carbons are joined together in a circle
• Aromatic hydrocarbon:

  • all carbon found are contains within a benzene ring
• Naming Molecules:

  1. identify the longest chain and suffix
  2. find any side chains and functional groups
  3. sidechains in alphabetical order, stem - no - suffix
• empirical formula:

  • the simplest whole number ratio of each element
• isomer:

  • a molecule with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently within space
• structural isomer:

  • a compound with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
• Homolytic fission:

  • a covalent bond breaks and each atom takes 1 of the shared electrons to produce a radical under UV light
• Hetrolytic fission:

  • a covalent bond breaks and 1 atom takes both electrons
• nucleophile - attracted to a positive area
• electrophile - attracted to a negative area
• addition reaction: the addition of two or more reactants to form a single product
• substitution reaction: a reaction in which one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
• elimination reaction: the removal of an atom or molecule
• Alkane general formula: CnH2n+2
• Alkane Bonding:

  • saturated - only single bonds
  • each carbon is joined by single covalent bonds
• sigma bonds - 2 s-orbitals overlapping to produce a single bond and can rotate
• pi bond - 2 p-orbitals overlapping to produce a double bond and cant rotate
• Alkane boiling point:

  • fraction distillation - separating different alkanes/crude oil
  • increases with more carbons due to more London forces and more points of contact
• radicals: a species with an unpaired electron
• Radical reactions: Steps

  1. initiation
  2. propagation
  3. termination
• initiation:

  • molecule - radical + radical
• propagation:

  • radical + new molecule - new radical + new molecule
  • radical produced + initiation molecule - new molecule + original radical
• termination:

  • radical + radical - molecule (X3)
• Alkene general formula: CnH2n
• Alkene shape:

  • C=C has a higher electron density
  • contains 3 bond pairs = 120 bond angle
• E/Z isomerism: A type of stereoisomerism in which the carbon atoms are bonded to the same atom in different ways due to double bonds not rotating
• Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rule:

  • atomic number
  • when priority is unbalanced its an E isomer
  • when priority is balanced its an Z isomer
• Cis-Trans isomerism:

  • a type of E/Z isomerism with 2 hydrogen groups and 2 non-hydrogen groups around the C=C double bond in alkenes
• trans isomerism:

  • when hydrogen groups are diagonal (E isomer)
• cis isomerism:

  • when hydrogen groups are on the same side (Z isomer)
• Alkene + Hydrogen - Alkane

  • with a nickel catalyst
  • addition reaction
• Alkene + halide - Haloalkane

  • addition reaction
  • if bromine it turns orange to colourless
• Alkene + Hydrogen Halide - Haloalkane

  • produces a major and minor product - Markowniknoff's rule
  • addition reaction
• Alkene + steam - Alcohol

  • H3PO4 catalyst
  • produces a major and minor product - Markownikoff's rule
  • addition reaction
• electrophilic addition: addition of a nucleophile to a region of high electron density
• nucleophilic addition: nucleophile attracts to an electron-deficient carbon atom and replaces an atom on the carbon atom
• Alcohols general formula: CnH2n+1OH