HKMN 205

• what does food provide?

  nutrients & energy
• the six categories of nutrients:

  1. macronutrients
  2. carbohydrates
  3. proteins
  4. fats
  5. micronutrients
  6. vitamins
  7. minerals
  8. water
• alcohol is not a nutrient, however for calorie intake, its 7kcal/g
• macronutrients provide energy
• phytochemical:

  • strengthens immune system
  • non-nutrient compound in plant derived foods
• essential nutrients: body cannot produce
• non-essential nutrients: body produces, not required in the diet
• forms of digestion: chemical & mechanical

  • mouth: mastication (chewing)
  • esophagus: peristalsis
  • stomach: chyme -> hydrochloric acid
  • small intestine: absorbs nutrients into blood stream
• AMDR'S

  • Carbs: 45-65%
  • Proteins: 10-35%
  • Fats: 20-35%
• DRI's

  • RDA (Minimum recommended intake)
  • UL (Maximum recommended intake)
• carbohydrates: body's main fuel source
• "hydrated carbon": contains water, also contains carbon, hydrogen & oxygen (found in carbs)
• Carbs are found in mostly plant foods (producing glucose):

  • fruits
  • vegetables
  • legumes
  • grains

  plants = glucose = stored as starch = supports growth
• simple carbs: sugars
• (carbs) monosaccharides: single sugar molecules

  • glucose (most abundant)
  • fructose (sweetest)
  • galactose (Not occurring alone)
• (carbs) disaccharides: two sugar molecules

  • lactose = galactose + glucose (milk sugar)
  • maltose = glucose + glucose (forms starch & formation)
  • sucrose = fructose + glucose (sweetest)
• (carbs) polysaccharides: more complex sugar molecules
• carb enzyme

  amylase -> glands -> mouth & pancreas -> small intestine
• protein provides:

  • cell structure (cell membrane, cytosol & organelles)
  • tissue structure (muscle, bones, blood & skin)
• proteins functions:

  • metabolism, immunity, fluid balance, nutrients transport & some energy (not alot)
• (protein) amino acids: building blocks for protein

  • nine are indispensable
  • body does not produce this
• (protein) dispensable amino acids: body can produce

  • made from process: transamination
  • some can become indispensable
• (protein) bonds/peptides:

  • two: dipeptide
  • three: tripeptide
  • four to nine: oligopeptide
  • ten plus: polypeptide
• protein turnover (recycle) involves synthesis & degradation

  • replaces worn-out cells = makes new protein
• protein benefits:

  • structure, cell growth, repair, maintenance, enzymes, hormones, maintain fluids & electrolytes, immune system & burn patients
• protein enzyme:

  pepsin -> stomach, trypsin -> pancreas -> small intestine
• fats: one type of lipid
• (fat) lipids do not dissolve in water

  • some solid (saturated), some liquid @ room temp (unsaturated)
• (fat) saturated: unhealthy, solid @ room temp
• (fat) unsaturated: healthy, liquid @ room temp
• types of fat:

  • triglycerides (most common fat, 95% of fat in body)
  • sterols (cholesterol)
  • phospholipids (make up cell membranes)
• (fat) cholesterol: in anything with liver
• fatty acid chains affect digestion & absorption

  • short & medium chain digest & absorb quickly
  • 6-12 carbons
• saturated fatty acids (SFA)

  • stacks up
  • examples: butter, lard, cream, palm oil
• monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)

  • does not stack
  • examples: olive oil, canola oil, cashew oil
• polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)

  • does not stack
  • examples: canola oil, corn oil, walnuts oil
• essential fatty acids: omega 6 & 3

  • omega 6: vegetables, sunflower, corn, soy & peanut oil
  • omega 3: dark leafy greens, flaxseeds & soy
• fat enzyme

  lipase -> glands -> mouth & pancreas -> small intestine
• vitamins:

  • chemical substance with specific functions for growth and health
  • helps prevent deficiency & diseases
• (vitamins) water soluble: vitamin B & C

  • stored smaller amounts