hormonal coordination

• What is the human endocrine system composed of?

  Glands that secrete hormones
• How do hormones reach their target organs?

  Through the bloodstream
• How do the effects of the endocrine system compare to the nervous system?

  Endocrine effects are slower but last longer
• Which glands are part of the endocrine system?

  Thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes
• What is the pituitary gland known as?

  The master gland
• What is the role of the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?

  Stimulate other glands to release hormones
• What are the roles of hormones produced by the pituitary gland?

  • Controls growth in children
  • Stimulates thyroid to make thyroxine
  • In females, stimulates ovaries for egg production and oestrogen
  • In males, stimulates testes for sperm and testosterone
• What does the thyroid gland control?

  The rate of metabolism
• What does the pancreas control?

  Blood glucose levels
• What is the role of the adrenal gland?

  Prepares the body for stress
• What do the ovaries control?

  Development of female secondary sexual characteristics
• What do the testes control?

  Development of male secondary sexual characteristics
• What is negative feedback in the endocrine system?

  • Maintains a steady state
  • Controls blood glucose, water, and thyroxine levels
  • Involves hormone production adjustments
• What triggers adrenaline production?

  Fear or stress
• What are the effects of adrenaline?

  Increases heart rate and oxygen delivery
• Does adrenaline involve negative feedback?

  No, it does not
• What does thyroxine regulate?

  Metabolic rate
• How are thyroxine levels controlled?

  By negative feedback
• How does the pancreas control blood glucose levels?

  By switching between insulin and glucagon
• What is diabetes?

  A disease affecting insulin production or response
• What are the types of diabetes?

  • Type 1: Early onset, insufficient insulin production
  • Type 2: Later onset, body doesn't respond to insulin
• How is type 1 diabetes commonly treated?

  Through insulin injections
• What is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

  Obesity
• How is type 2 diabetes commonly treated?

  With a carbohydrate-controlled diet
• What role do reproductive hormones play during puberty?

  • Cause development of secondary sex characteristics
  • Influence physical and emotional changes
• What is the main male reproductive hormone?

  Testosterone
• What does testosterone stimulate?

  Sperm production
• What is the main female reproductive hormone?

  Oestrogen
• What happens to eggs at puberty?

  They begin to mature and are released
• What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinising Hormone (LH)
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
• What does FSH do?

  Matures eggs in the ovaries
• What does LH do?

  Stimulates release of mature eggs
• What does oestrogen do during the menstrual cycle?

  Thickens the uterus lining
• What does progesterone do?

  Maintains thick uterus lining
• What changes occur in the ovary during the menstrual cycle?

  • Days 1-14: Egg maturation
  • Day 14: Ovulation
  • Days 16-28: Yellow body forms
  • Days 28-1: Yellow body breaks down
• When do FSH and LH levels peak?

  On day 14
• When do blood oestrogen levels peak?

  From day 10 to day 14
• When do blood progesterone levels rise?

  From day 14 to day 28
• What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

  Blood leaves the body as a period
• What happens on day 5 of the menstrual cycle?

  Uterus lining builds up