EarthSci 2nd Quarter

• Weathering - describes the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the Earth.
• Physical Weathering - rocks are broken up into smaller fragments without any chemical change in their composition.
• Block Disintegration - successive heating and cooling which causes the expansion and contraction of rocks.
• Exfoliation - the peeling away of sheets of rock millimeters to meters in thickness from a rock's surface
• Frost Action - the alternate freezing and melting of water inside the joints of the rocks, split them into fragments.
• Chemical Weathering - breaking down of rocks by chemicals in rain or moving water, that can lead to weakening of it's structure.
• Oxidation - caused by water and oxygen, often giving  iron - rich rocks a rusty - colored weathered surface.
• Carbonation - rock materials react with carbonic acid, which dissolves or breaks down rocks.
• Hydrolysis - breakdown of rocks caused by reaction with water
• Acid Solution - certain minerals are dissolved by acidic solutions.
• Biotic Weathering - takes place under the influence of life activities of living organisms
• Bacteria - can weather rocks in order  to access nutrients such as magnesium or potassium
• Mass Wasting - downslope movement of rock and soil under the influence of gravity
• Fall Mass Wasting - Accumulation of rock debris at the base of a cliff.
• Slide Mass Wasting - a block material moves suddenly along a flat, inclined surface.
• Flow Mass Wasting - mass movement of material containing a large amount of water which moves downslopes as a thick liquid
• Soil Erosion - a gradual process that occurs when the impact of water or wind detaches and removes soil particles, causing the soil to deteriorate.
• Wind Erosion - is a gradual process that occurs when the impact of water or wind detaches and removes soil particles, causing the soil to deteriorate.
• Sheet Erosion - when water moves as sheets taking away thin layers of soil.
• Rill Erosion - the removal of surface material usually soil, by the action of running water. The processes create numerous tiny channels a few centimeter s in depth, most of which carry water only during storms.
• Gully Erosion - water moves as a channel down the slope and it scoops out the soil and forms gullies which gradually multiply and in the long run spread over a wide area
• Geothermal Gradient - temperature increase within Earth's crust for an average of 20 - 30 degrees celsius per kilometer
• Pressure - controls melting temperature of rocks
• Volatiles (primary water) cause rock to melt in lower temperatures
• Magmatic Differentiation - Process responsible for changing a magma's composition
• Partial melting - incomplete melting of magma
• Magma Mixing - Magmas of different composition are mixed together.
• Assimilation - magma reacts with the “country rocks” which is adjacent to the magma chamber
• Basaltic magma - formed in mid-ocean ridges by decompression melting or at subduction zones migrate upward
• Andesitic Magma - believed to be generated in the wedge of mantle rock below the crust and above the subducted plate or within the subducted plate itself.
• Granitic Magma - end product of crystallization of andesitic magma and produce larges plutonic structures
• Magma is the parent material of igneous rocks
• Plutonic Rocks - formed from magma that crystallized at depth
• 600 - 1,300 degrees Celsius - melting point of rocks
• Nature of Magma - Solid, Liquid, Gas
• Volcanism -  covers all kinds of volcanic activities and the heat of the planet is trapped inside it
• Volcano - is a vent, hill, or mountain from which molten or hot rock and gaseous materials are ejected.
• February 21, 2021 - 24 / 300 active volcanoes in the Philippines
• Quiet Eruption - oozing type
• Explosive Eruption - unbelievable violence