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2️⃣ Midterms
⚓️ C45. Deep Sea Physiology
3. Special Physiological Problems in Submarines
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Cards (28)
What are the main problems encountered in submarines related to escape?
Problems similar to
deep-sea
diving
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How deep can a person escape from a submarine without apparatus?
Up to 300
feet
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What can theoretically allow escape from deeper depths in submarines?
Proper use of
rebreathing devices
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What is the maximum depth from which escape is theoretically possible with rebreathing devices?
600 feet
or more
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What happens to gases in the lungs as a person ascends?
They expand and can
rupture
blood vessels
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What is a major problem during ascent from a submerged submarine?
Prevention of
air embolism
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What must a person do to prevent air embolism while ascending?
Exhale
continually
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What does submarine medicine generally focus on, aside from escape?
Engineering problems to keep
hazards
out
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What is a radiation hazard in atomic submarines?
Radiation exposure from
atomic energy
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How does the radiation exposure in submarines compare to above the surface?
Less than
normal
radiation from
cosmic rays
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What can cause carbon monoxide poisoning in submarines?
Cigarette smoking
by the crew
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What must be done to control poisonous gases in submarines?
They must be controlled
rapidly
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What gas has been found to cause toxicity in submarines from refrigeration systems?
Freon
gas
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How do radiation hazards in submarines compare to those experienced above the surface?
Submarine radiation is
less
than surface radiation
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If a crew member ascends from a depth of 400 feet, what should they do to avoid air embolism?
Exhale continually during
ascent
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What are the key health problems in the submarine internal environment?
Radiation hazards
in atomic submarines
Control of
poisonous
gases
Carbon monoxide from cigarette smoking
Toxicity from
Freon
gas
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What are the therapeutic effects of hyperbaric oxygen?
Valuable therapeutic effects in
clinical conditions
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Why are large pressure tanks used in medical centers?
To treat patients with
hyperbaric oxygen
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At what PO2 values is O2 usually administered in hyperbaric therapy?
2 to 3
atmospheres
pressure
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How is oxygen administered during hyperbaric therapy?
Through a mask or
intratracheal
tube
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What is the pressure of the gas around the body during hyperbaric therapy?
Normal
air compressed to high-pressure level
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What is believed to be responsible for the therapeutic benefits of hyperbaric O2?
Oxidizing
free radicals
responsible for O2
toxicity
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What conditions can hyperbaric O2 therapy benefit?
Gas gangrene
Decompression sickness
Arterial gas embolism
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Osteomyelitis
Myocardial infarction
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How does hyperbaric oxygen therapy affect gas gangrene?
Stops
the
infectious
process
entirely
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What type of bacteria causes gas gangrene?
Clostridial
organisms
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Under what conditions do clostridial organisms grow best?
Under
anaerobic
conditions
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At what O2 pressure do clostridial organisms stop growing?
Greater than about
70
mm Hg
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How does hyperbaric oxygenation change the fatality of gas gangrene?
Converts it from nearly
100%
fatal to curable
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