quarterly - science

• Selective breeding is the process of choosing two organisms to breed in order to make a certain trait stronger.
• Natural selection is the survival of the fittest, where the organisms with the traits most fit for the environment will survive.
• Genetic modification (GMOs) is the manipulation of genes in an organism with a goal of making the organism better.
• Genes are strands that contain DNA.
• Chromosomes are made of genes.
• Mutations are passed from parent to offspring if the mutation is germline.
• Germline mutation is a mutation occurring in gametes (sex cells).
• Evolution needs Natural Selection to occur, as it eliminates those without adaptations that are suitable for the environment and when this organism evolves the adaptation will be a trait the whole population has.
• The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.
• To code for amino acids, we need codons.
• When male animals are trying to mate, they may perform particular actions that attract a female, this is called courting.
• The organisms that are alive today and are also fossils didn't evolve much since they were well-adapted to their environment, showing that the organism hasn't changed much over time, and are still alive and not extinct today.
• The fossils found today are results of organisms well adapted to their environment.
• The first step when designing an experiment is to ask a question.
• A frameshift deletion is a deleted base in a DNA strand that causes the rest of the DNA strand to shift over.
• A substitution is where a base is replaced with a different base.
• Frameshift insertion is where there is an added base in a DNA strand causing it to shift over.
• Biotechnology is the use of modern-day technology in the science field to genetically manipulate organisms into producing something different than it naturally produces.
• To read the Amino acid chart, RNA bases need to be split up into three, also known as codons.
• Cellular Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon + Water.
• Cancer is a mutation in your DNA.
• Similarities among organisms suggest a similar ancestor.
• Biotechnology is the modification of genes in an organism to improve it.
• To make a wet mount slide, you need a coverslip, slide, specimen, pipette, and water.
• Different species of animals have different bone structures because they have no common ancestors.
• To transcribe DNA to RNA, it needs to go through the process of Transcription, (Gene Expression), which involves the enzymes Helicase (unwinds the DNA), RNA polymerase (transcribes the DNA into mRNA).
• Adaptive advantage is when an organism has an adaptation/ trait that is best suitable for the environment compared to other organisms.
• A Cladogram shows a diagram of traits and organisms to see which organisms have common ancestors.
• Glucose is used to create a starch model from its subunits.
• Variation is the difference in traits, such as having the same trait but a different version/ variety of it.
• Natural selection is the survival of the fittest, where the organisms with the traits most fit for the environment will survive.
• A Phylogenetic tree has branches that represent the amount of change and how long it took to evolve into that change, the farther an organism is from a common ancestor, the longer evolution has occurred.
• Photosynthesis: Carbon + Water + Sunlight/ light energy= Glucose + Oxygen + ATP.
• Starch is made with many things, two ways to form a starch model are glucose and water or milk and enzyme solution.
• Homeostasis is the process that maintains balance throughout our bodies.