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2️⃣ Midterms
🌊 C25. Body Fluid Compartments
10. Edema
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Cards (65)
What does edema refer to?
Excess
fluid
in
the
body
tissues
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In which fluid compartment does edema mainly occur?
Extracellular
fluid compartment
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What are the three conditions that cause intracellular edema?
Hyponatremia
,
metabolic depression
, lack of nutrition
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What happens when blood flow to a tissue decreases?
Delivery of
oxygen
and nutrients is reduced
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What occurs when blood flow becomes too low for normal metabolism?
Cell membrane
ionic pumps
become depressed
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What happens to sodium ions when ionic pumps are depressed?
They cannot be pumped out of the
cells
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What is the result of excess intracellular sodium ions?
Osmosis
of water into the cells
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How much can intracellular volume increase in ischemic tissue?
Two
to
three
times normal
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What is a common consequence of increased intracellular volume?
Preceding
death
of the tissue
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In what condition can intracellular edema occur besides ischemia?
Inflamed
tissues
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What effect does inflammation have on cell membrane permeability?
Increases
cell membrane permeability
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What are the two general causes of extracellular edema?
Abnormal
fluid leakage and
lymphatic
failure
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What is lymphedema?
Failure of
lymphatics
to return fluid
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What is the most common clinical cause of interstitial fluid accumulation?
Excessive
capillary fluid filtration
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What factors can increase capillary filtration?
Increased
capillary filtration coefficient
Increased
capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased
plasma colloid osmotic pressure
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How is capillary filtration rate mathematically expressed?
Filtration =
K
(
P
c
−
P
i
f
−
π
c
+
(P_c - P_{if} - \pi_c +
(
P
c
−
P
i
f
−
π
c
+
π
i
f
)
\pi_{if})
π
i
f
)
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What does Kf represent in the capillary filtration equation?
Capillary filtration coefficient
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What does Pc represent in the capillary filtration equation?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
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What does Pif represent in the capillary filtration equation?
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
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What does πc represent in the capillary filtration equation?
Capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure
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What does πif represent in the capillary filtration equation?
Interstitial fluid
colloid osmotic pressure
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What condition results from failure of lymph vessels to return fluid and protein to the blood?
Lymphedema
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What happens to plasma proteins that leak into the interstitium when lymphatic function is impaired?
They cannot be
removed
effectively
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How does increased protein concentration in interstitial fluid affect fluid movement?
It raises
colloid osmotic pressure
, drawing more fluid out
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What type of infections can cause severe blockage of lymph flow?
Infections of the
lymph nodes
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What organism is responsible for lymphatic filariasis?
Filaria nematodes
(
Wuchereria bancrofti
)
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How are filaria nematodes transmitted to humans?
By
mosquitoes
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What severe conditions can result from filarial infections?
Lymphedema
and
elephantiasis
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How many people are affected by lymphatic filariasis worldwide?
More than
120 million
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What surgical procedure can lead to lymphedema due to lymph vessel removal?
Radical mastectomy
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What happens to lymph vessels after a radical mastectomy?
A few lymph vessels may
regrow
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How does heart failure lead to generalized extracellular edema?
It raises
venous pressure
and decreases
kidney excretion
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What are the main causes of extracellular edema?
Increased
capillary
pressure
Decreased plasma
proteins
Increased capillary
permeability
Blockage of
lymph
return
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What can cause increased capillary pressure?
Excessive
kidney
retention of salt and water
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What is a consequence of heart failure related to edema?
Increased
venous
and
capillary
pressure
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What happens to pulmonary vascular pressures in left-sided heart failure?
They rise above
normal
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What can untreated pulmonary edema lead to?
Death
within a few
hours
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What condition can cause edema due to decreased kidney excretion of salt and water?
Acute glomerulonephritis
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What is nephrotic syndrome?
Loss of proteins in urine due to
kidney disease
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What plasma protein concentration indicates serious generalized edema?
Below
2.5 g/100 ml
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