Class difference

• What’s an internal factor in education?


  influences from within the school system
• What's an external factor in education?


  influences from the child’s home background and outside of school
• What do cultural deprivation theorists claim families fail to do?

  provide adequate primary socialisation so therefore the working class are culturally deprived
• What did Bernstein say about the restricted code?

  Bernstein argued that the restricted code is a language style used by working-class individuals that is limited in vocabulary and grammatical complexity And is descriptive not analytical
• What did Bernstein say on the elaborated code ?


  Bernstein argued that the elaborated code is a form of language used by the middle class, characterized by complex grammar and vocabulary, and is varied and communicates abstract ideas.
• What did Feinstein argue on education?

  Since middle class parents tend to better educated they are able to give their children and advantage during primary socialisation through parenting styles, use of income and parents own educational behaviours
• According to Feinstein how do parents educational behaviours give children an advantage?


  Amounts of hope with homework as well a use of recourses such as books and trips to educational locations
• What does keddie argue about the working class ?

  The working class are not culturally deprived they are just culturally different from the middle class culture of schools
• Labelling is attaching a definition to someone, such as being labelled as bright and hardworking or as a troublemaker
• Teachers attach labels based on stereotyped assumptions dependent on class background
• Becker found teachers judged pupils based on how closely they fit the stereotype of the "ideal pupil"
• Middle class children were identified as closest to the ideal, while working class children were furthest away
• Teachers in English state secondary schools normalized the underachievement of working class students but believed middle class students could overcome underperformance
• Underperforming working class students entered lower tiered exams, while underperforming middle class students were given extension work
• Interactionalists argue that labelling can create a self-fulfilling prophecy affecting a child's performance
• Teachers make predictions about students based on labels, treating them accordingly and setting higher standards
• Students internalize the label, becoming what the teacher predicted
• Streaming involves separating children into different ability groups or classes called "streams"
• Self-fulfilling prophecy is most likely to occur when children are streamed
• Pupil subculture is a group of pupils who share similar values and behavior patterns, which can emerge due to labelling and streaming
• Differentiation is the process of categorizing pupils based on perceived attitude and ability, with streaming being a form of differentiation
• Polarization is how students respond to streaming by forming pro-school or anti-school subcultures
• Pro-school subculture, largely middle class, gains status through academic success and mirrors school values
• Anti-school subculture, often in lower streams, suffers a loss of self-esteem and rejects school values
• Peter Woods identified responses to labelling as well as pro and anti-school subcultures
• Ingratiation = being the teacher's pet
• Ritualism = going through the motions and staying out of trouble
• Retreatism = daydreaming and mucking about
• Rebellion = outright rejection of everything the school stands for
• Critics of labelling theory mention determinism and ignoring wider power structures within which labelling occurs
• Social mobility refers to movement between different classes, either upwards or downwards