Traffic management

• Transportation- Movement of one persons or goods from one location to another
• Nomad from the greek word "to pasture" Was originally used to refer to pastoralists
• first type wanders iin search of food
• Second type comprises pastoral nomads who travel with their animals, families, etc.
• Pastoralists groups that migrate to find pastured lands for their domestic livestock
• "pedestrian" was coined from the Latin word "pedester"-which means to travel by foot.
• Carrying Pole - In China and other parts of the Far East,the carrying pole, balanced on one shoulder is a popular carrying device.
• Thumpline pots are carried on a wooden framework supported by a tumpline across the forehead.
• Travois serves as a platform on which the burdens are placed. The platform or crossed-beam poles are then dragged by humans or animals.
• Ox cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to draw warchariots
• Reindeer - These were first domesticated in Siberia in the beginning of the Christian era.
• Dog The first animal domesticated, is too slight to carry heavy loads.
• Donkey or ass was first domesticated in the Middle East.
• In pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the only new world animal other than the dog capable of domestication for use in transport.
• The Carthaginians used African elephant in their war against Rome
• Around 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots appeared in southwest Asia and 1,000 years later, the Persians arrived with cavalry which gave mobility and power to the German tribes who invaded Europe and to the Central asia conqueror Genghis Khan.
• There are two kinds of camel, the two-humped Bactrian camel of Central Asia and the one-humped dromedary of Arabia
• Yak A long-haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and in the neighboring Mountain Regions is ridden and used as a pack animal at heights were horses and ordinary animal could not survive.
• Kite was first used for transport when a Korean general employed one in bridge building.
• Leonardo da Vinci, made study of the flight of the birds and his notebooks sketched a number of ornithopter (a.k.a. orthopter)
• The Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne have successfully released several balloons when they proposed to use two condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passengers.
• Pilatre de Rozier, a natural historian protested this and claimed the honor for himself. In 1783, he and the Marquis d Arlanoes became the first men to make a free balloon ascent The balloon constructed of linen and inflated with hot air traveled 9,000 yards and remained in the air for 20 minutes,
• Ernst Werner Von Siemens designed rocket plane which was to be propelled by the explosive force of gunpowder
• Otto Lilienthal, a. German inventor who also made a study of the flight of birds and experimented with ornithopters, going so far as to build a model ornithopter
• One of the pioneers of lighter-than-air craft was Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian who experimented with the steam-powered balloons in Paris.
• Orville and Wilbur Wright began studying the problems of heavier-than-air flight. They built biplane kite then over 200 different wing types which they tested in a wind tunnel of their own invention, inspired by lilienthal glider
• Lindbergh's Spirit of St.Louis The first airmail was delivered in 1911
• First solo flight made by Capt Charles A. Lindbergh in May 1927
• wheel was invented probably in Western Asia However, pieces of evidence were found by archaeologists that wheel could have been simultaneously invented in Southwest Asia and Mesopotamia
• Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel - This is the oldest wheel ever found in Europe or anywhere in the world. This was discovered by two Slovene archaeologists in Slovenia, its age is 5,200 years old
• Arcera - The outside consisted of unhewn boards covered by loose drapery. This vehicle was especially used to convey the sick and, infirm and was of sufficient size to allow occupants to recline.
• Arcima - large enough for only one person
• Basterna - it was commonly used by women when travelling and was borne by two mules
• Benna - made of wicker work and was of Gallic origin. It can accommodate several persons when travelling.
• Carpentum - used by early Romans in as early as 500 B.C. and as late as 5th century of the Christian era.
• Carruca -It was often ornamented by carvings in bronze and ivory and by chasings in silver and gold. Members of the imperial families were fond of travelling using this kind of coach.
• Carrus - mainly used by the Roman armies for the transportation of their baggage and supplies.
• Cisium -has a box or case beneath the seat, where small baggage can be carried in, is especially suitable for rapid travels.
• Pilentum - used chiefly by women of the upper classes, was also used on state occasions by Roman matrons, priests and vestal virgins. In this, they carried sacred vessels and rode in processions and public games.
• Four-wheeled plaustrum - usually employed for heavy burdens but were also used for travelling.