age

• Jenny Cheshire - age 


  11 non-standard forms used by children against their adherence to law on the playground. multiple negation (double negatives). non standard use of 'aint' being used a copular verb.
• Emma Moore - age (2010)


  researched social groups at a school in bolton looked at non - standard use of 'were' in sentences like 'it was in maths, weren't it?' she looked at 4 groups. The Eden Valley Girls, The populars, the townies, the geeks
• Emma Moore - Eden valley girls


  girls who came from very-well backgrounds. focussed on school but engaged in actives like shopping to. used the standard form 'was' all the time, because they had a higher social class. lived geographically distant from the other girls so maintaining friendship was hard
• Emma Moore - the populars 


  girls not focused on school, were rebellious like drinking and smoking. did not always use the non standard form, three girls were of a higher social class, these girls did not use non standard at all
• Emma Moore - the townies 


  breakaway group from the populars. more rebellious and engaged in drugs and sex. often made use of the non -standard form. mix of upper working class and lower middle class, but did have working class boys in their group
• Emma Moore - the Geeks


  girls focused on school, engaged in school choir. geeks disliked the use of non-standard. the four that did use non standard were all from a lower social class
• Penelope Eckert


  jocks and burnouts. jocks - engaged in school, used more standard form, grammatical constructions were all standard. burnouts - gaining a hob in the local area - focussed on the local surroundings and so used the Detroit vowels more severely. used more negative concord
• Penelope Eckert - theory of age 


  3 main types of age

  chronological - the physical time someone has been alive.

  biological - the maturity of the body

  social - the way someone is developed in society
• Anna-brita stenstrom (2014)


  many features that make-up teen speak. slang, conversational overlapping, shortening of words, taboo and expletives
• sali tagliamonte 


  teenagers have gained a mastery in a new set of registers, 'like' as a quotation verb is on the increase in anecdotes, almost a quarter of all adjectives are intensified
• De Klerk


  states that teenagers have a freedom which allows them to rebel against the linguistic norms to mark themselves as different to others
• milers Belfast study 


  open and closed network. closed networks consist of people who all know each other and lack of links out the network. described as being dense. open networks - very broad, many links to people outside the normal area involved. men have dense networks. women have more open networks
• clonard women and hammer men 


  due to rise of unemployment, men had to travel out of the community to find a job and women ended up working together. men ended up with open networks and women very closed ones. deduce that social group is more controlling then their gender
• labov - younger population and Chilmark fishermen


  used the vowels used by the chilmark fishermen to appear distant to the tourists. fishermen exaggerated their vowel sounds. an example of covert prestige and convergence towards one social group in order to diverge from a different social group
• Marthas vineyard study - labov


  researched the /aw/ and the /ay/ phonemes in words like 'house' and 'spice'. three groups - older Chilmark fishermen, the youngster population, the tourists