Immunity and Vaccines

• What happens after you've been infected once by a pathogen?

  You become immune to it
• How can vaccination make you immune?

  It makes you immune without being ill
• What are the two types of immunity?

  • Active immunity
  • Passive immunity
• What is active immunity?

  Immunity from your immune system making antibodies
• What are the two types of active immunity?

  Natural and artificial
• What is natural active immunity?

  Immunity after catching a disease
• What is artificial active immunity?

  Immunity from a vaccination with antigens
• What is passive immunity?

  Immunity from antibodies made by another organism
• What are the two types of passive immunity?

  Natural and artificial
• What is natural passive immunity?

  Immunity from antibodies received from mother
• What is artificial passive immunity?

  Immunity from injected antibodies from others
• What are the differences between active and passive immunity?

  | | Active Immunity | Passive Immunity |

  | --------------------- | ----------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |

  | Requires exposure to antigen | Yes | No |

  | Time for protection to develop | Takes a while | Immediate |

  | Memory cells produced | Yes | No |

  | Duration of protection | Long-term | Short-term |
• What do vaccines contain?

  Antigens that cause memory cell production
• What is herd immunity?

  Protection of unvaccinated individuals through vaccination
• How do vaccines help reduce disease occurrence?

  By protecting vaccinated individuals
• What are the disadvantages of oral vaccines?

  They may be broken down by gut enzymes
• What are booster vaccines used for?

  To produce more memory cells
• What are the ethical issues surrounding vaccine use?

  • Animal testing concerns
  • Use of animal-based substances
  • Risks of testing on humans
  • Side effects and herd immunity fairness
  • Decisions during epidemics
• Why do some people disagree with animal testing for vaccines?

  They oppose the use of animals for testing
• What risk do volunteers face when testing vaccines?

  Contracting the disease they are vaccinated against
• Why might some people refuse vaccines?

  Due to the risk of side effects
• What happens during an epidemic regarding vaccine distribution?

  Decisions must be made on who receives it first
• What is the primary response in vaccination?

  • B cells divide to build numbers
  • Occurs while suffering from the disease
  • Helps the body prepare for future infections