Interpreting Data About Vaccines and Antibodies

• What is important when a study presents evidence for a new theory?

  Other scientists must validate the theory
• How can scientists validate a new theory?

  By repeating the study or conducting new studies
• What was the focus of the 1998 study on the MMR vaccine?

  Link between MMR vaccine and autism
• Why was the 1998 MMR vaccine study considered unreliable?

  It had a small sample size of 12 children
• What potential bias existed in the 1998 MMR vaccine study?

  The scientists were involved in a lawsuit
• What did other studies find regarding the MMR vaccine and autism?

  They found no link between them
• What was the sample size of the 2005 Japanese study on autism?

  30,000 children
• What was the time frame of the children studied in the 2005 Japanese study?

  Children born between 1988 and 1996
• What was the MMR vaccine's introduction and cessation timeline in Japan?

  Introduced in 1989, stopped in 1990
• What did the graph in the 2005 study show about autism diagnoses?

  Diagnoses continued to rise after the vaccine was stopped
• What was the autism diagnosis rate for children born in 1992 who received the MMR jab?

  About 60 out of 10,000
• What was the autism diagnosis rate for children born in 1994 who did not receive the MMR jab?

  About 160 out of 10,000
• What conclusion can be drawn from the 2005 study regarding the MMR vaccine?

  There is no link between the MMR vaccine and autism
• Why is the 2005 study more reliable than the 1998 study?

  It had a larger sample size of 30,000 children
• What percentage of women with breast cancer have HER2-positive tumors?

  About 20%
• What is Herceptin used for?

  To treat HER2-positive breast cancer
• How does Herceptin work?

  It binds to HER2 receptors on tumor cells
• How many women participated in the Herceptin study?

  3,388 women
• What was the outcome for women taking Herceptin compared to the control group?

  Fewer women developed cancer again or died
• What conclusion can be drawn from the Herceptin study?

  Herceptin increases disease-free survival rates
• What are the key points regarding the MMR vaccine and autism studies?

  • 1998 study suggested a link with small sample size
  • 2005 study with 30,000 children found no link
  • Larger sample size reduces chance of random results
• What are the key points regarding Herceptin and breast cancer studies?

  • Herceptin treats HER2-positive breast cancer
  • Study showed fewer recurrences in treated women
  • Increases disease-free survival rates