religion in a global context

• Who is more likely to be religious according to the study material?

  Ethnic minorities
• What is the significance of Catholicism in Ireland?

  It remains important and is increasing
• Which religion is significant in India?

  Hinduism
• What religions are growing in Asia?

  Buddhism and Christianity
• Which religion is prominent in Nigeria?

  Islam
• What is the dominant religion in the Middle East?

  Islam
• What religion is significant in Latin America?

  Catholicism
• How does religion influence some societies?

  It has power over law, politics, and culture
• What are the key characteristics of fundamentalism?

  • Appeal to tradition and a 'golden age'
  • Return to the fundamentals of faith
  • Arises when traditional beliefs are threatened
• What is a contemporary challenge to traditional beliefs?

  Geographical mobility
• What is a threat to traditional beliefs from outside?

  Globalisation and capitalism
• What is a threat to traditional beliefs from within society?

  Adoption of new secular ideas
• What are the characteristics of fundamentalism?

  • Authoritative text interpreted literally
  • 'Us and them' mentality
  • Aggressive reactions to perceived threats
  • Use of modern technology for aims
  • Patriarchal views on gender roles
  • Prophecy of impending 'last days'
  • Conspiracy theories against certain groups
• How do fundamentalists view authoritative texts?

  As literally true and guiding their lives
• What does the 'us and them' mentality imply for fundamentalists?

  They separate from the rest of the world
• What is a common reaction of fundamentalists to perceived threats?

  Aggressive actions intended to shock
• How do fundamentalists use modern technology?

  To achieve their aims despite opposing modernism
• What do fundamentalists believe about women's roles?

  They see them as fixed by divine decree
• What do Christian fundamentalists proclaim about the future?

  That the 'last days' are imminent
• What type of conspiracy theories do some fundamentalists hold?

  Antisemitic theories about world dominion
• What explanations are provided for the rise of fundamentalism?

  • Reaction to perceived threats to traditional beliefs
  • Response to globalization and cultural changes
  • Influence of secular ideas on society
• What does Davie suggest about fundamentalism and modernity?

  Fundamentalism defends against the threats of modernity
• According to Davie, what are fundamentalists products of?

  Clash between modernity and traditional cultures
• What forms of fundamentalism does Davie identify?

  Both religious and secular forms
• What is secular fundamentalism's main goal?

  To eliminate religion's role in public life
• What worldview does secular fundamentalism assert?

  A worldview based on science and rationality
• What period does Phase 1 of fundamentalism cover?

  Approximately 1750 to 1960
• What belief characterized the Enlightenment period?

  Science and reason would bring progress
• What triggered the reaction of religious fundamentalism during Phase 1?

  The secularisation process of society
• What time frame does Phase 2 of fundamentalism begin?

  1970s onwards
• What crises have emerged since the 1970s?

  Environmental, technological, and political crises
• What has replaced belief in the certainty of progress since the 1970s?

  Uncertainty and pessimism
• What has provoked a secular fundamentalist reaction?

  Perceived religious challenges to secular values
• Which major religions does Giddens identify as having fundamentalist versions?

  Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam
• How does Giddens view fundamentalism in relation to globalisation?

  As a product and reaction to globalisation
• What does globalisation challenge according to Giddens?

  Traditional beliefs about family, gender, and sexuality
• What does fundamentalism promise in an uncertain world?

  Certainty through rigid beliefs
• How does Giddens contrast fundamentalism with cosmopolitanism?

  Fundamentalism is rigid, cosmopolitanism is tolerant
• What does cosmopolitanism embrace?

  Modernity and globalisation
• What is required in cosmopolitan thinking?

  Justification of ideas using evidence