Ethics

• informed consent -> the participant should give their consent to being in the study | pps 18 and above can give legal consent | under 18 parents / guardians have to give consent on behalf of child

  presumptive consent -> obtaining consent from a group similar to the actual participants if consent cannot be gathered from the actual participants
• debriefing : participants should be thoroughly debriefed at the end of the experiment | should be told procedures or if they were deceived and why if so | should be able to discuss experiment with experimenter and should be able to ask and have questions answered honestly.
• confidentiality : all data collected during the experiment , especially personal data [ names , ages , gender etc..] should not be disclosed without the person's permission. [ should be kept anonymous ]
• protection of participants : participants should exit in the same state as they entered. should not be subjected to any harm , whether psychological or physical. should also make sure that special care is taken when using vulnerable groups in the study
• vulnerable groups : children , elderly people , disabled people , mentally ill people
• right to withdraw : participants have the right to withdraw themselves from the study at any point in time for any reason. they should be allowed to enforce their right without any pressure to continue in the study. they should also be allowed to remove any of their data that has been gathered if they choose to leave
• deception : this is when the participants are not told certain details of the study such as the aim. this is used in order to reduce demand characteristics and to keep the study as accurate as possible. deception should be avoided is possible however there are certain experiments that require deception in order to be accurate
• competence : this refers to the researcher's skills and abilities when it comes to carrying out the research. their skills should be as relevant as possible to the experiment they are carrying out.