Proteins

• Protein

  amino acid monomers covalently bonded together

  
• How are proteins classified?

  based on their functions
• How many proteins do humans have in their body?

  tens of thousands of proteins, and the different groups of proteins contain thousands of different proteins
• What are common groups of proteins?

  Structural, defensive, signal, carrier, recognition and receptor, enzyme, motile
• What is an example of a structural protein?

  Hair, tendons (provide connection between muscle and bones), ligaments (found in joints)
• Wha is an example of a defensive protein?

  antibodies
• What is an example of a signal protein?

  hormones
• What is an example of a carrier protein?

  hemoglobin (found in blood to transport oxygen)
• What is an example of a recognition and receptor protein?

  major histocompatibility complex (allergy medicines)
• What is an example of an enzyme?

  Amylase (protein that breaks down carbohydrates)
• What is an example of a motile?


  actin and myosin
• What do the functions of the protein depend on?

  its 3D structure
• Amino acid


  an acid containing a central carbon atom that is linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group

  
• What does the R group control?

  the shape and properties of an amino acid
• How many amino acids are there?

  20

  
• How many essential amino acids are there?

  8

  
• Why are they essential amino acids?

  because the human body cannot produce them, so they can only be found through food and supplements
• What are the 8 essential amino acids?

  valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, threonine, lysine

  
• Polypeptide


  a polymer composed of many amino acids linked together through peptide bonds, building blocks of proteins

  
• How are peptide bonds formed?

  the carboxyl group of the amino acid in a growing polypeptide chain reacts with the amino group of another amino acid, resulting in a dehydration synthesis reaction
• Levels of protein organization

  - primary structure

  - secondary structure

  - tertiary structure

  - quaternary structure

  
• Primary structure

  long chain, linear sequence of amino acids

  
• Secondary structure

  hydrogen bonding taking place between 2 primary structures

  
• types of secondary structure

  beta pleated sheet, alpha helix

  
• tertiary structure

  3D structure from protein folding, molecular chaperones assist with folding of protein

  
• quaternary structure


  proteins composed of a variety of polypeptide chains

  
• Denaturation


  proteins completely unfolding and becoming non-functional

  
• What occurs during denaturation?

  a disturbance of bonds between R groups occur and the intermolecular forces break, impacting the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
• What causes denaturation?

  extreme temperatures and chemicals
• Protein

  amino acid monomers covalently bonded together

  
• How are proteins classified?

  based on their functions
• How many proteins do humans have in their body?

  tens of thousands of proteins, and the different groups of proteins contain thousands of different proteins
• What are common groups of proteins?

  Structural, defensive, signal, carrier, recognition and receptor, enzyme, motile
• What is an example of a structural protein?

  Hair, tendons (provide connection between muscle and bones), ligaments (found in joints)
• Wha is an example of a defensive protein?

  antibodies
• What is an example of a signal protein?

  hormones
• What is an example of a carrier protein?

  hemoglobin (found in blood to transport oxygen)
• What is an example of a recognition and receptor protein?

  major histocompatibility complex (allergy medicines)
• What is an example of an enzyme?

  Amylase (protein that breaks down carbohydrates)
• What is an example of a motile?


  actin and myosin