Cardiovascular System

• The subject code for Biology 1: Fundamentals of Biology is Bio1.
• The learning guide code for Biology 1: Fundamentals of Biology is 3.0.
• The lesson code for Biology 1: Fundamentals of Biology is 3.1.
• Members of Phylum Annelida, Cephalopoda and all the vertebrates have closed circulatory systems.
• All members of Phylum Annelida, Cephalopoda and all the vertebrates have closed circulatory systems.
• The time limit for the lesson on Transport and Circulation of Materials in Biology 1: Fundamentals of Biology is 30 minutes.
• To complete the module on Transport and Circulation of Materials in Biology 1: Fundamentals of Biology, you need a pen and paper, a phone/tablet/laptop, and a stable internet connection.
• The target at the end of the module on Transport and Circulation of Materials in Biology 1: Fundamentals of Biology is to describe the trends and compare various strategies used by organisms to transport materials for energy utilization and maintenance.
• Public transportation is one of the most important aspects that determines a country’s progress and growth.
• Railway systems are viewed positively by most citizens because of their potential efficiency not only in mobility but also in land use and development in urban centers.
• Japan is an archipelago comprised of four major islands, Honshu, Kyushu, Hokkaido and Shikoku, which are connected by an extensive network of railways.
• Japan’s railway system is known to be one of the most efficient and organized in the World.
• Living organisms are capable of transporting important nutrients along with waste products to and from cells.
• A molecular exchange involving every cell in the body and its environment is essential in maintaining life.
• The process of diffusion is the net movement of molecules brought about by concentration gradient, moving oxygen gas and carbon dioxide between neighboring cells as well as their surroundings.
• This process is too slow and inefficient when distances exceed a few millimeters.
• Various organisms have developed adaptations to transport materials throughout their bodies.
• This cavity also aids in digestion.
• A circulatory system has three basic parts: the fluid circulating around the body, a set of vessels and the heart, which pumps the fluid.
• The heart or hearts in some organisms pump blood into blood vessels branching into smaller vessels that extend to other organs.
• Higher forms of animals have adapted to have a circulatory system that moves fluid around the cells’ surroundings and the tissues where the exchange of materials would occur.
• The contraction of the heart allows the hemolymph to traverse the interconnected sinuses that surround the organs.
• In animals like sea jellies and other cnidarians, a central gastrovascular cavity is present to distribute substances throughout the animal body.
• Flatworms also have a gastrovascular cavity, which combined with their flat bodies, make them suitable for exchange with the environment.
• Some animals, like sponges, do not need a circulatory system since diffusion would allow them to have an exchange with their environment.
• The relaxation of the heart allows the hemolymph to be drawn back in via pores equipped with valves that close whenever the heart contracts.
• An open circulatory system has a circulatory fluid called the hemolymph, which is also the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells.
• The same pattern is found in animals.
• In closed circulatory systems, the fluid called blood is distinct from the interstitial fluid.
• In these sinuses, exchange of materials happens between the hemolymph and the body cells.
• Vascular tissues in plants include Xylem and Phloem.
• Some species of mollusks and members of Arthropoda have open circulatory systems.
• In such animals, fluid would bathe both the inner and outer tissues, allowing the exchange of important gases and wastes.
• Vascular plants have specialized conducting tissues responsible for conducting water, food and other essentials throughout the plant body.
• Unicellular organisms utilize their cell surfaces as a place of exchange with the outside environment.
• Most multicellular organisms have developed circulatory systems to deliver important nutrients and along with oxygen to support their larger sizes.
• Non-vascular plants are generally shorter than their vascular counterparts, lack a transport system for essential minerals, water and food, and instead of roots, have rhizoids, which are slender, hair-like structures that serve as anchorage roots.
• The tissues that transport water and nutrients in the plant are the xylem and phloem.
• Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves while phloem transports sugar and other nutrients to all parts of the plant.
• Xylem tissue is composed of four different cell types: tracheids, vessel elements, xylem fibers and xylem parenchyma.