Ethics

• Philosophy is the knowledge of all things through their ultimate cause acquired through the use of reason
• The term Philosophy was introduced by Pythagoras
• Philo: love and Sophia: wisdom
• Philosophy is the mother of science
• "Wisdom is certain knowledge of the deepest causes of all things" - St. Thomas Aquinas
• "Love is willing the good of the other" - St. Thomas Aquinas
• Philosophy consists of three knowledge: Primitive Knowledge, Ancient Knowledge, and Modern Knowledge
• Primitive Knowledge - animism
• Ancient Knowledge - myth, religion
• Modern Knowledge - philosophy, science
• Material Object - studied by science
• Formal Object - what is in the object you need to understand
• Method - how'd you get it
• "Science is knowledge of cause" - Aristotle
• Aristotle was the first scientist Physics and Biology
• Alexander the Great - Parents hired Aristotle to tutor him, who conquered the known world India
• Philosophy (MO) - all things
• Science (MO) - specific things
• Philosophy (FO) - ultimate cause
• Science (FO) - immediate cause
• Philosophy (M) - reason
• Science (M) - experience/systematic observation
• Philosophy is intellect, while science is five senses
• Science is knowledge from experience that is validated empirically, while philosophy is knowledge from reasoning
• Scientists are highly specialized while philosophers are generalists
• Science view the world in narrow perception of knowledge, while philosophy view the perspective of the totality
• "Most incomprehensible in the universe is that its comprehensible" - Albert Einstein
• I. Logic

  1. Formal Logic: the form & rules of reasoning (validity)
  2. Material Logic: the content of reasoning (truth)
• II. Speculative Philosophy

  1. Philosophy of Mathematics (quantity)
  2. Philosophy of Nature (the physical universe) and (the human person)
  3. Metaphysics (truth), (being in general), and (being a se)
• a se means "as such; in itself"
• III. Practical Philosophy

  1. Philosophy of Art (making)
  2. Moral Philosophy (conduct)
• Logic is the science and art of correct thinking
• Logic is the preparatory course for philosophy
• correct thinking has three parts: concept formation (simple apprehension), judgement, and reasoning
• concept formation - is the formation of ideas
• judgement is what relate one idea to another idea
• reasoning is what you derive from what you know to what you didn't know
• method of philosophy is reasoning
• method of science is experience
• "Logic is organon of philosophy" - Aristotle