P4

• Specific probing in brain research is the use of targeted stimuli or questions to elicit a specific memory or response from a participant like using a task that requires the participant to access the memory to complete the task (to match the face they saw with another picture of the same person.)
• Neurological case of Patient K.C. is that he lived 20 years with hippocampal damage as a result of a motorcycle accident and so he had episodic amnesia. He could not imagine specific events or details in future, rather just provide a general description of his future life
• Despite the well-documented neural declines of older adults the expertise they gain from having made numerous decisions throughout their entire lives allows for them to make better decisions in many real-world contexts. This is especially true when present decisions interact with future decisions, creating a sequence of decisions that often is more influential on outcomes than a solitary choice.
• Social roles are patterns of behavior, expectations, and responsibilities that individuals adopt as they interact within various social contexts. 
• Social roles, such as being a parent, friend, employee, caregiver, or community member, provide structure, purpose, and a sense of identity within society
• Role transitions are life events such as marriage, parenthood, retirement, and empty nesting bring about significant role transitions. These transitions often come with associated stressors and adjustments that affect our mental health
• Social roles can sometimes create conflicts or strains when multiple roles demand our time, energy, and attention simultaneously. Balancing responsibilities as a professional, caregiver, and participant in various social groups can pose challenges
• Meaningful engagement in social roles fosters a sense of purpose, contributing to overall life satisfaction and psychological well-being
• The process of socialization is the process through which we absorb values, beliefs, and knowledge that guide our behavior as a member of a social group. As young people we are directly or indirectly instructed to behave in ways that conform to the norms created within our social group so we learn to conform, we assume certain roles, and we have social expectations
• Every adult has a life structure that is characterized by a combination of statuses, roles, activities, goals, values, beliefs, and life circumstances
• Active engagement in social roles provides opportunities for social support, consistently linked to better mental health outcomes
• Research suggests that having a supportive network of family, friends, and community members can mitigate the negative effects of stress and promote resilience, contributing to overall psychological well-being
• Social norms and roles change as individuals age, with Levinson's theory highlighting three main eras in adult male development (early, middle, and late adulthood)
• Early adulthood in Levinson's theory involves exploration and experimentation as early adults are trying to figure out who they are and what they want to do with their lives
• Middle adulthood in Levinson's theory focuses on settling down and building a life where middle adults are focused on their careers, their families, and their communities and may also be facing new challenges, such as raising children and caring for aging parents
• Late adulthood in Levinson's theory centers on reflection as elders look back on their lives and trying to make sense of them and may also focus on giving back to others and leaving a legacy behind
• There are 3 transitions in early adulthood: early adult transition (17-22) - the person separates from their family of origin and explores different possibilities for their life; the age 30 transition (28-33)- faces a crisis of commitment and either reaffirms or modifies their life choices; the midlife transition (40-45) - the person confronts their mortality evaluates their accomplishments and regrets
• There are 3 transitions in middle age where the main challenging is balancing generativity and stagnation: middle adulthood (45-50) - the person accepts their age and adjusts their life structure; accordingly, 50 transition (50-55) - the person redefines their goals and roles in relation to their changing physical and social realities; the culmination of middle adulthood (60-65)- the person prepares for retirement and old age
• There are 3 transitions in late adulthood where the main challenging is balancing integrity and despair: the entry into late adulthood (65-70) -  the person accepts their old age and adapts their life structure to their reduced capacities; the late adult transition (80+) - the person confronts their imminent death and seeks meaning and closure; the final transition (death)
• Erikson’s psychosocial theory proposes that adult development is driven by the resolution of eight psychosocial crises that span the entire lifespan, such as trust vs. mistrust, intimacy vs. isolation, and ego integrity vs. despair