Social Science 3

• The Industrial Revolution occurred during the mid 17th Century in Great Britain and marks the moment when machines were used for production.
• The Industrial Revolution would not be possible without the laws of the country that helped stabilize it, transportation of raw materials, and funds from merchants who invested in it.
• The effects of the Industrial Revolution on Great Britain include crop rotation, the seed drill, the horse-drawn hoe, improved animal breeds, the flying shuttle, the spinning jenny, the spinning mule, the cotton gin, the steam engine, and the early railway locomotive.
• Crop rotation is a method of rotating crops for greater yield.
• The seed drill, also by Jethro Tull, drills seeds to the soil to avoid scattering and wasting them.
• The horse-drawn hoe, also by Jethro Tull, loosens soil for planting.
• Improved animal breeds are a result of the Scientific Method and are enhanced by Robert Bakewell, a British agriculturalist.
• The flying shuttle, by John Kay, is an attachment controlled by pulling a cord that makes wider cloth and produces twice the amount compared to when done manually.
• The spinning jenny, by James Hargreaves, has one wheel with spinners that has 8 threads, resulting in higher production with lower worktime.
• The spinning mule, by Samuel Crompton, involves a lot of threads twisted and wrapped to one spindle, creating better quality and larger quantity.
• The cotton gin, by Eli Whitney, is a revolving wooden cylinder that strains seeds from cotton fiber, speeding up the process.
• The Boxer Rebellion was a conflict between the Chinese government and the "Boxers", a secret organization created by the government.
• The Taiping Rebellion was a revolt against the Qing dynasty led by a leader named Hong Xiuquan.
• The Opium War resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing, which gave Hong Kong to the UK and granted extraterritorial rights to other countries.
• The Treaty of Kanagawa was a document signed between the United States and Japan, allowing American steamships to enter Japanese waters and trade with the Americans.
• The Open Door policy was a strategy implemented by the United States to allow all countries to freely trade with China.
• The Opium War of 1839 was a conflict between China and the British Empire over the illegal transportation of opium to China.
• The Sino-Japanese War was a conflict between China and Japan over Korea, with Japan opening three ports in Korea during 1876 but China also being interested in Korea for trading and military outposts.
• Under Emperor Meiji, Japan started to modernize and industrialize, based on the government system of Germany and mining coal and building factories.
• The Meiji Restoration was a political event that saw Emperor Meiji Mutsuhito rise up to power and overthrow the shogun, leading to Japan being directly ruled by the emperor in the Meiji era, meaning "enlightened rule".
• Britain later took control of Egypt as a whole in 1882.
• By the late 19th century, Japan already had a stable government, strong army, and good economy, making it equal footed with Western countries.
• The steam engine, by James Watt, is a version of Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine with a separate condenser, transporting goods and raw materials.
• The Chinese response to imperialism includes the Opium War, the Taiping Rebellion, the Open Door Policy, and the Boxer Rebellion.
• Japan took control of Korea at some point, but the Koreans didn't like it and nationalist sentiment grew.
• Capitalism is characterized by private ownership and value production.
• The Industrial Revolution began in the 17th Century in Great Britain due to excess of raw materials, improvements in Agricultural, Textile, Transport, and Iron.
• Imperialism is the control of weaker territories by a stronger territory, which can be done through Colony, Protectorate/Puppet Government, Sphere of Influence, or Economic Imperialism.
• Imperial Japan fought in the Sino-Japanese War, where they took control of Korea, and the Russo-Japanese War, where they took control of Manchuria.
• Socialism is an economic system where ownership is controlled by the Government.
• Revolutionary Leaders in Mexico during Madero’s revolt against Diaz include Pancho Villa, the “Robin Hood of Northern Mexico” who stole money from the rich and gave it to the poor, and Emiliano Zapata, who gathered his troops to take back land for the farmers and peasants.
• Under emperor Meiji Mutsuhito, Japan modernized, patterning their society after Western powers, with inspiration from the constitution, government, and army of Germany, the navy of Britain, and the education system of the US.
• The Japanese response to imperialism led to the Modernization of Japan, with the country opening up for trade after being shocked by US Commodore Mathew Perry with their cool gunboats.
• Japan felt like they could be an imperial power equal to the Western powers.
• Communism, as per Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is against capitalism.
• The early railway locomotive, “Rocket”, by George Stephenson, is less expensive, creates jobs for miners and railroad workers, and promotes the advancement of other industries.
• Isma’il, Muhammad Ali’s grandson, continued the modernization of Egypt, including the construction of the Suez Canal, a man-made waterway that connected the Red Sea and the Mediterranean.
• Africa’s resources are one of the main reasons that all these imperialists wanted Africa.
• With the efforts of Muhammad Ali and European powers who wanted to dismantle the Ottoman Empire, Egypt improved their economy and became more modern.
• Great Britain and Russia agreed to leave Afghanistan alone and promised not to go beyond the Khyber Pass.