GIT

• The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine (cecum, appendix, colon & rectum), and anus.
• Functions of the GIT include motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption.
• The stomach stores ingested food and empties it into the duodenum, secretes HCl and enzymes that begin digestion, and performs stomach movements to break down a bolus of food and mix it with digestive secretion.
• Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of gastric contents out through the mouth.
• Conditions inside the digestive tract that can cause vomiting include touching the back of the throat and irritation or distension of the stomach.
• Conditions outside the digestive tract that can cause vomiting include elevated intracranial pressure, intense (severe) pain, psychogenic vomiting due to emotional factors, and motion sickness.
• A peptic ulcer is an injured area of the wall of the GIT caused by the digestive action of gastric juice.
• Peptic ulcer is related to a breakdown of the barrier that normally prevents irritation of the GIT by gastric juice.
• Sites of peptic ulcers include duodenal ulcers (most common), gastric ulcers (common), and esophageal ulcers (less common).
• Causes of peptic ulcer include chronic bacterial infection, frequent exposure to some chemicals such as aspirin and alcohol, and excessive secretion of acid.
• The liver synthesizes plasma proteins and coagulation factors, metabolically processes carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, stores glycogen, fat, vitamins, iron and copper, detoxifies body wastes and drugs, removes bacteria and old blood cells, and acts as a blood reservoir in times of excess blood.
• Causes of diarrhea include increased small intestinal motility caused by local irritation by bacterial or viral infection, excess osmotically active particles in the lumen of the intestine, laxative, and psychogenic diarrhea.
• Treatment of peptic ulcer includes the use of antibiotics, drugs that inhibit acid secretion, and antacid to neutralize stomach acidity.
• Diarrhea is the passage of a fluid fecal matter with increased frequency of defecation, beneficial effects include the removal of harmful materials from the body, but harmful effects include loss of nutrient materials and important materials (Na + , K + ), and dehydration.
• Liver damage can lead to decreased clotting factors, decreased plasma protein, decreased detoxification of drugs, and diarrhea.
• Constipation is defined as hard and dry feces with delayed defecation, normal frequency of defecation is 3/day to 1/week, symptoms of constipation include abdominal discomfort, headache, loss of appetite, and the causes of constipation include ignoring the urge to defecate, decreased colonic motility accompanying aging, emotional stress and a low bulk diet, obstruction of the large intestine, and impairment of the defecation reflex.
• The liver is the largest and most important organ in the body, essential for life, and can maintain life even with about 20-30% removed.
• The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine (cecum, appendix, colon & rectum), and anus.
• Functions of the GIT include motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption.
• The stomach stores ingested food and empties it into the duodenum, secretes HCl and enzymes that begin digestion, and performs stomach movements to break down a bolus of food and mix it with digestive secretion.
• Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of gastric contents out through the mouth.
• Conditions inside the digestive tract that can cause vomiting include touching the back of the throat and irritation or distension of the stomach.
• Conditions outside the digestive tract that can cause vomiting include elevated intracranial pressure, intense (severe) pain, psychogenic vomiting due to emotional factors, and motion sickness.
• A peptic ulcer is an injured area of the wall of the GIT caused by the digestive action of gastric juice.
• Peptic ulcer is related to a breakdown of the barrier that normally prevents irritation of the GIT by gastric juice.
• Sites of peptic ulcers include duodenal ulcers (most common), gastric ulcers (common), and esophageal ulcers (less common).
• Causes of peptic ulcer include chronic bacterial infection, frequent exposure to some chemicals such as aspirin and alcohol, and excessive secretion of acid.
• Symptoms of constipation include abdominal discomfort, headache, loss of appetite, and can be caused by ignoring the urge to defecate, decreased colonic motility accompanying aging, emotional stress and a low bulk diet, obstruction of the large intestine, and impairment of the defecation reflex.
• Treatment of peptic ulcer includes the use of antibiotics, drugs that inhibit acid secretion, and antacid to neutralize stomach acidity.
• Constipation is defined as hard and dry feces with delayed defecation, and normal frequency of defecation is 3/day to 1/week.
• The liver is the largest and most important organ in the body, essential for life, and can maintain life even with about 20-30% removed.
• Liver damage can lead to decreased clotting factors, decreased plasma protein, decreased detoxification of drugs, and diarrhea.
• Causes of diarrhea include increased small intestinal motility caused by local irritation by bacterial or viral infection, excess osmotically active particles in the lumen of the intestine, laxative, and psychogenic diarrhea.
• Diarrhea is the passage of a fluid fecal matter with increased frequency of defecation, and can have beneficial effects such as the removal of harmful materials from the body, but also harmful effects like loss of nutrient materials and important materials (Na + , K + ), and dehydration.
• The liver synthesizes plasma proteins and coagulation factors, metabolically processes carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, stores glycogen, fat, vitamins, iron and copper, detoxifies body wastes and drugs, removes bacteria and old blood cells, and acts as a blood reservoir in times of excess blood.