Organisation

• Some risk factors have been found to directly cause disease, such as animal tissues, organs and organ systems.
• Smoking is a risk factor for lung disease, including COPD and lung cancer.
• Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
• Cardiovascular disease can be caused by a diet high in saturated fats, smoking, and lack of exercise.
• Alcohol is a risk factor for liver disease and brain damage.
• The PiXL Club is a resource for member schools to use as long as they remain members.
• The PiXL Club resource may be freely used within the member school until such time as membership ceases.
• All opinions and contributions to the PiXL Club resource are those of the authors.
• The PiXL Club resource may not be copied, sold, or transferred to a third party, and may not be used by the school after membership ceases.
• Xylem and phloem form vascular bundles and transport water, mineral ions and glucose around the plant.
• The organs in the plant organ system that transport substances around the plant are the stem, leaf and root.
• Palisade mesophyll cells are packed with chloroplasts and are the site of most of the photosynthesis.
• Transpiration is the movement of water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves.
• The role of the guard cells is to open and close to let gases diffuse in and out through the stoma.
• Large air spaces in the spongy mesophyll provide for gas exchange.
• The meristem is found at the tips of roots and shoots where cell differentiation occurs.
• The root hair cell takes in water and mineral ions from the soil.
• Factors that increase the rate of transpiration include increased temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity.
• Spongy mesophyll cells also perform photosynthesis.
• A plant organ is a group of plant tissues working together to carry out a particular function.
• Translocation is the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.
• Epidermal tissue covers the surfaces of the plant for protection.
• A malignant tumour is cancerous.
• Malignant tumours are an abnormal growth of cells that invade other tissues and can spread in the body.
• A tumour is a mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell growth.
• Carcinogens damage DNA or speed up cell division and increase the chance of a mutation occurring.
• Tobacco, alcohol, occupational carcinogens, and ionising radiation are four types of carcinogens.
• The risks of smoking while pregnant include miscarriage, premature births, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
• Benign tumours are an abnormal growth of cells in a membrane contained in one area.
• A carcinogen is a substance that can cause cancer.
• Heavy drinking throughout pregnancy can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome.
• The risk factors for coronary heart disease include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and not enough exercise.
• The coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
• A pacemaker is a group of cells in the right atrium that controls the heart rate.
• A stent is a metal cylinder grid that is inserted into an artery to keep the artery open.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
• Statins are drugs that reduce the harmful cholesterol in the blood.
• Treatment for a person with faulty heart valves can include having their heart valves replaced (biological or mechanical).
• The role of platelets is to form clots to reduce bleeding.
• Veins have valves.