Association between variables/scatter graphs

• What are the two main types of correlation?

  Positive and negative correlation
• How does a positive correlation differ from a negative correlation?

  In positive, both variables increase together
• What is a negative correlation?

  • As one variable increases, the other decreases
  • Example: More time on social media leads to lower exam scores
• Why is it important to differentiate between correlation and causation?

  To avoid incorrect assumptions about cause-and-effect
• How do confounding variables influence correlation studies?

  They create a false association between variables
• If a student studies more hours, what is likely to happen to their exam scores?

  They will likely increase
• What happens to exam scores as social media usage increases?

  They likely decrease
• Why is it important to control for confounding variables in correlation studies?

  To ensure observed relationships are accurate
• What are confounding variables?

  Variables that affect both studied variables
• What is the range of possible values for a correlation coefficient?

  Between -1 and 1
• What does it mean when two things happen together?

  It doesn't mean one caused the other
• What does no correlation mean?

  No relationship between the variables
• What does the correlation coefficient measure?

  The strength and direction of a relationship
• What does a correlation coefficient of 0.8 indicate?

  A strong positive linear relationship
• What is a positive correlation?

  • As one variable increases, the other increases
  • Example: More hours studying leads to higher exam scores
• What does a downward direction of the line in a scatter plot indicate?

  A negative correlation
• What does each point in a scatter plot represent?

  A data pair
• How do the scatter plots in the image illustrate the different types of correlation coefficients?

  The scatter plots visually depict the strength and direction of the linear relationships between the variables
• What are the implications of not controlling for confounding variables?

  • Misinterpretation of data
  • False conclusions about relationships
  • Inaccurate predictions based on flawed data
• If two variables have a correlation coefficient of -0.6, how would you describe their relationship?

  They have a moderate negative linear relationship
• What does a scatter plot show?

  How two variables relate
• What are the key differences between the three types of correlation coefficients shown?

  • Positive correlation: Variables increase/decrease together
  • Negative correlation: One variable increases as the other decreases
  • No correlation: No linear relationship between the variables
• What are the key differences between correlation and causation?

  • Correlation shows a relationship between two variables.
  • Causation shows one variable causes the other.
  • Correlation does not imply cause-and-effect.
  • Causation requires controlled experiments.
• What does correlation not prove?

  One causes the other
• What are the three types of correlation coefficients shown in the image?

  • Positive Correlation
  • Negative Correlation
  • No Correlation
• What correlation coefficient indicates a perfect positive correlation?

  +1.0
• What correlation coefficient indicates a perfect negative correlation?

  -1.0
• What factors influence correlation in studies?

  • Confounding variables
  • Correlation vs. causation
• How can you determine the strength of a relationship in a scatter plot?

  By how close the points are to the line
• What does an upward direction of the line in a scatter plot indicate?

  A positive correlation
• How can you interpret the strength of a correlation coefficient?

  • A coefficient close to +1 or -1 indicates a strong linear relationship
  • A coefficient close to 0 indicates a weak or no linear relationship
• What is the definition of a correlation coefficient?

  A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables.
• What does the x-axis usually represent in a scatter diagram?

  The independent variable
• What is a scatter diagram?

  A type of graph showing variable relationships
• What does each dot on a scatter diagram represent?

  A pair of values for two variables
• What does the y-axis usually represent in a scatter diagram?

  The dependent variable
• How can we interpret the spread of dots on a scatter diagram?

  It indicates how the variables are related
• What does a scatter diagram help us see?

  If there's a correlation between two variables
• What are the types of correlation direction?

  • Positive: Both variables increase together
  • Negative: One variable increases while the other decreases
  • Zero: No clear pattern between variables
• What is the value of the correlation coefficient r in plot (f)?

  0.00