Violence

• One of the worst cases of ANC-IFP violence was the Boipatong massacre in June 1992. 47 residents at Boipatong squatter camps were massacred by Inkantha supporters. Eye witnesses claimed that they had been brought to the camp in police trucks.
• Mandela claimed that De Klerk, as head of state, was responsible for bringing an end to the bloodshed. He accused the South African police of inciting the ANC-IFP violence.
• The ANC withdrew from negotiations and the CODESA talks broke down completely following the Boipatong Massacre.
• In September 1992, the Ciskei Defence Force killed 29 people and injured 200 when they opened fire on ANC marchers, known as the Bisho Massacre.
• Right-wing violence also added to the hostilities of this period. Chris Hani, the general secretary of the South African Communist Party (SACP), was assassinated in 1993 by an anti-communist refugee who had close links to the white nationalist AWB.
• The murder of Chris Hani led to further protests throughout the country and across the international community.
• Chris Hani's assassination was a turning point; the main parties pushed for a settlement with increased determination.