the particulate nature of matter

• The study of atom started in fifth century b. c. by Greek philosopher Leucippus and Democritus
• Atomic theory holds that matter is composed of tiny particles
• John Dalton published his atomic theory which stated that atoms of given element have the same size and weight
• Michael Faraday's law of electrolysis states that amount of chemical change produced by current quantity an electrode electrolyte boundary is proportional to the quantity of electricity.
• DMITRI MENDELEEVE AND LOTHAR MEYER- The periodic law states that element is arranged in order of increasing atomic weights will show periodic physical and chemical properties.
• HENRY GOWYN JEFFREYS MOSELEY- Using x-ray spectra found out that the nucleus is characterized by atomic number and is equal to positive charges.
• Matter is classified into pure substance and impure substance or mixture. (solid, liquid, gas)
• Element is the simplest form of matter and cannot be further subdivided by ordinary chemical.
• element is classified as metal, non-metal, and metalloids.
• Metal has shiny appearance, malleable, and ductile.
• Non-metal has dull appearance, brittle, and poor conductor of electricity
• Metalloid has a characteristic of both metal and non-metal properties.
• Compound is the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions. It is either acid, base, or salt.
• Mixture is a mechanical combination of two or more substances.
• Homogeneous is the combination of two or more substance whose components are equally distributed.
• Heterogenous is a combination of two or more substance whose components are not equally distributed.
• Physical Property is a trait of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical composition of the matter.
• Intensive property- one that does not depend on the amount of the substance present.
• Extensive property- one that does depend on the amount of the substance present.
• Intensive properties are determined by the chemical composition of the particles and their structure.
• Extensive properties depend only on the number of particles, not on their composition or internal arrangement.
• all chemical properties are intensive. none are extensive.
• Chemical property is a trait of matter that can only be observed if a substance has the property. in the process of testing the chemical property, the substance changes composition if it has that property.
• Characteristic property is a distinctive property that helps you determine the identity of a material.
• Streak- the color left behind when a material is rubbed against a porcelain plate. (Streak can be white)
• The shape of crystals s called "habit".
• Examples of crystal shapes/habits: cubic, rhombohedral, octahedral, amorphous
• Methods of mixture separation: mechanical separation, magnetic separation, filtration, decanting, and distillation.
• Distillation Animation- this animation shows how two liquids dissolved together can be separated by distillation at their respective and different boiling points.
• Mechanical Separation- takes advantage of physical properties such as color and shape.
• Magnetic Separation- takes advantage of the physical property of magnetism.
• Filtration- takes advantage of the physical property of the state of matter. A screen lets the liquid particles pass through, but traps the solid particles.
• Decanting- to pour off a liquid, leaving another liquid or solid behind. Takes advantages of differences in density.
• Distillation- the separation of a mixture of liquids based on the physical property of boiling point.
• color- how the object absorbs and reflects light
• texture- how the substance looks and feels
• Temperature- a measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motions) of the particles in a substance
• mass- the amount of matter in an object (in grams/kilograms)
• volume- the amount of space an object occupies (in mL, L, cm3, m3, etc.)
• Density- the ratio of mass to volume; reflects the degree of packing of particles in matter. Lowest density element: Hydrogen 0.0009 g/cm3 , Highest density element: Osmium 23 g/cm3