FOS

• Rayner and Schmidt are known for determining the position of points.
• Davis, Foote, Anderson, Mikhail are recognized for measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects.
• Clarke is known for making such measurements of relative position.
• Webster is a branch of applied mathematics.
• Brinker and Wolf consider surveying as a science AND art.
• The length of AB should be equal to either AC or CB.
• Using an equilateral triangle, the prolongation of the preceding line is laid off at a 60° angle and a sufficient length is laid out to clear the obstruction.
• A typical problem encountered when determining the width of a stream or a wide river is that if the length of DE is accurately measured, it should be equal to the length of the required line AB.
• Plane Surveying is when the earth is considered as a flat surface.
• Geodetic Surveying is when the earth is considered in a spheroidal shape.
• Cadastral surveys are undertaken in rural and urban locations.
• City surveys are conducted in areas near a city.
• Construction surveys are undertaken at a construction site.
• Forestry surveys are connected with forest management.
• Hydrographic surveys involve surveying bodies of water.
• Industrial surveys use optical tooling.
• Mine surveys determine the position of underground excavations.
• Photogrammetric surveys use photographs taken.
• Route surveys determine the alignment.
• Topographic surveys determine the shape of the ground.
• Astrolabe is used to determine the altitude of stars.
• Telescope is used for astronomical observations.
• Transit is a universal surveying instrument.
• Semi circumferentor is used to measure and lay off angles.
• Plane Table is used in field mapping.
• Dioptra is used in leveling and measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
• Roman Groma is used for aligning or sighting points.
• Libella is used to determine the horizontal.
• Vernier is a short auxiliary scale.
• Diopter is used for leveling, laying off right angles.
• Compass is used for determining the direction of lines.
• Gunter’s Chain is used for tapeing distances.
• Chorobates is used for leveling work.
• Merchet is used for measuring time and meridian.
• Measurement is the process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard.
• If A and B define the end points of the required line, the length of line AB can be computed by the Pythagorean theorem.
• Accuracy of measuring angles with tape depends on the care taken in laying out lengths and in establishing the needed points on the ground.
• Point C is established at a convenient location away from the obstruction and it is seen to it that lines AC and BC intersect at right angles.
• To avoid this, it is preferable not to undertake any taping work during windy days.
• In some instances it may not be possible to directly measure distances due to an obstruction.