Lec 25 - Respiratory Passes

• Functions of the conducting portion of the respiratory passage

  • air conduction
  • air filtration
  • air humidification
  • air warming
  • speech
  • sense of smell
• Functions of the respiratory portion of the respiratory passage

  • gas exchange
• The epithelium in the nasal epithelium is respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells)
• Mucus in the nasal cavity aids in capturing particles and aids with the blood supply - help with humidification
• Nasal conchae increase surface area and create turbulence to assist with

  • capturing particles
  • warm and humidify the air
  • takes any volatile components (like odorants) and toss them up to the olfactory mucosa
• The vestibule (entrance to nasal cavity) is continuous with the skin on the outside. It transitions from stratified squamous keratinized (outside) to non-keratinized
• Olfactory mucosa epithelium is pseudo-stratified epithelium
• The olfactory nerve is cranial nerve I
• The pharynx, larynx, and trachea all contain respiratory epithelium (pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells)
• The vocal cords epithelium is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
• The oral cavity epithelium is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
• Olfactory epithelium contains basal (stem) cell, supporting cell, and receptor cell with cilia that contain transmembrane proteins that are receptors for odorants. This epithelium also contains the olfactory gland that releases mucus to help captivate odorants. The olfactory gland's secretory portion sits in the lamina propria
• The supporting cell in olfactory epithelium secretes odorant-binding proteins to help capture odorants and deliver them to the cilia of the receptor cells
• The receptor cell in olfactory epithelium are bipolar neurons . Bundles of these neurons form and they self-assemble based on the receptor/odorant type. Different smells are detected by different nerve bundles
• An olfactory knob is a apical extension off of the olfactory cells that bear many cilia with odorant receptor molecules
• In the olfactory mucosa is the only time in the body you will get all four

  • bone (ethmoid bone)
  • olfactory nerve bundle
  • olfactory glands
  • olfactory epithelium
• If it is free-floating the outermost layer has a serosa and if it is attached to the body wall it has an adventitia
• The layers of epithelial lined tubes

  • Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle/muscularis mucosa)
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa (smooth muscle - two layers usually inner circular and outer longitudinal)
  • serosa or adventitia (dense irregular connective tissue)
• The trachea has horseshoe shaped ring of hyaline cartilage to hold the airways open
• The trachialis muscle in the trachea helps push things back up if things go down the trachea
• The esophagus contains pseduostratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
• Goblet cells use regulated secretion to produce mucus that traps pathogens and other inhaled particles
• Intrapulmonary bronchus has cartilage plates instead of c-shaped cartilage rings like the trachea. The plates are separated by smooth muscle and elastin
• Sensory nerve bundles within the respiratory tract are connected with brush cells. These cells have microvilli - are sensory receptors that help us sense irritants and make us cough
• As epithelium moves down the respiratory tract it goes from pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells to simple columnar ciliated to simple cuboidal and finally simple squamous in the alveoli
• Label the respiratory tract

  A) nasal cavity

  B) conchae

  C) vestibule

  D) olfactory mucosa

  E) nasopharynx

  F) oropharynx

  G) epiglottis

  H) larynx

  I) vocal cords

  J) trachea

  
• Label the olfactory mucosa

  A) cribriform plate

  B) olfactory bulb

  C) olfactory epithelium

  D) basal cell

  E) supporting cell

  F) receptor cell

  G) olfactory gland

  
• This image is of olfactory mucosa

  A) cribriform plate

  B) olfactory nerves

  C) olfactory glands

  D) olfactory epithelium

  
• Label the respiratory tract

  A) trachea

  B) main bronchus

  C) terminal bronchiole

  D) respiratory bronchiole

  E) alveolar sac

  F) alveoli

  G) conducting

  H) respiratory

  
• This is an image of the trachea

  A) trachialis muscle

  B) respiratory epithelium

  
• Label this image of an intrapulmonary bronchus

  A) respiratory epithelium

  B) smooth muscle

  C) hyaline cartilage plate

  D) alveoli