1.3

• why was conflict unavoidable for IPs?

  resources were scarce, raiding others for horses and food was a survival strategy
• what did white people assume on the Oregon trail?

  they were being attacked by indigenous peoples
• what views did whites have towards IPs?

  strongly racist
• what did white Americans believe about IPs?

  -thought they were superior to IPs

  -scared of IPs because they thought they would get attacked

  -Americans begged for supplies and stole their horses
• why did some IPs live with white Americans?

  to learn about their laws, religion and culture

  this was not common
• why was their mistrust between IPs and white Americans?

  they both had little understanding of each other
• what did the discovery of gold lead to?

  many white migrants travelled the Oregon trail which disrupted buffalo hunting
• what other impacts did white migrants have on buffalos?

  -killed large amounts for meat

  -amount of migrants spooked the buffalo which caused stampedes
• what was the impacts of oxen on the oregon trail?

  -ate the grass which meant the buffalo had less
• what did white settlers think about tribes watching them?

  thought IPs were planning to attack them
• what did the mistrust lead to?

  Fort Laramie Treaty 1851
• why was choosing a chief to attend the council a problem?

  Indigenous peoples had so many tribes with different chiefs so they couldn't pick just one chief
• who did the government choose to be a chief?

  Conquering bear-a respected warrior
• why was getting representatives from all tribes a problem?

  some tribes didn't attend the council at all, and most who did only came for food and gifts
• why was agreeing boundaries a problem?

  -US government wanted strict borders for Indian territory

  -Indigenous peoples travelled for food, worked with other tribes in other areas and the buffalo moved around often

  -making set boundaries wouldn't work
• why was language differences a problem?

  The treaty was written in English, not enough people to translate for indigenous peoples so they did not understand it
• when was the Fort Laramie treaty agreed?

  17th September 1851
• what were the terms of the treaty?

  -end fighting between tribes

  -allow migrants to safely travel through Indian land

  -allow railway companies observe the land without interference

  -allow US government to build roads through the land and set up army posts

  -Indigenous peoples would pay compensation if they broke the treaty
• what would the government do for the treaty?

  -protect indigenous peoples from the white Americans

  -pay tribes an annual payment of $50,000 if they followed the treaty
• how was the treaty significant? (3)

  -identifies places for the indigenous peoples to live before putting them on reservations

  -undermines the Permanent Indian Frontier as white migrants could travel across the plains

  -Indigenous peoples had a relationship with the government so could now be controlled
• what were problems with the treaty? (4)

  -one man had to represent the tribe, didn't follow the indigenous peoples culture so they could ignore it

  -indigenous people didn't understand what they signed up to as there was a language barrier.

  -idea of treating land as property was unknown to the indigenous peoples as they believed no one owned land

  -boundaries of the tribe's territories were not seen as important
• why did the government say IPs broke the treaty?

  they continued to fight
• how did the white Americans break the treaty?

  they didn't follow the Oregon trail and trespassed into areas off limits to them
• what did the territories set out for indigenous peoples lead to?

  reservations
• what did white settlers and railroad surveyors access to indigenous peoples territory lead to?

  white settlement of the plains
• what did the tribes receiving resources from the government lead to?

  loss of independence for the indigenous peoples
• why was there a lack of law and order in the west?

  not enough people in a position of power to enforce the law
• what crime affected people in the west?

  theft
• what situation led to a huge population increase in California?

  The california gold rush 1849
• what was the population in California?

  1846=8,000

  1855=300,000
• how did gold prospectors lead to lawlessness?

  they gathered in camps in huge numbers so they couldn't get official state and federal laws
• what was claim jumping?

  prospectors stole land even if someone had already claimed it
• who did mining camps attract?

  people who wanted to make money illegally
• what was salting a claim?

  flakes of gold were scattered on worthless ground for an inexperienced migrant to buy in hopes of finding gold
• what were road agents?

  gangs of criminals who waited in quiet spots along roads to rob travellers
• what people were in camps?

  prostitutes

  people selling alcohol
• how did camps lead to violence?

  alcohol led to drunken fights over prostitutes

  prospectors carried guns which made arguments dangerous
• why was there tension in the camps?

  prospectors were of different religions and languages
• what was the growth in San Francisco population in 1849?

  1000-25000
• what year was the famine in China?

  1852