cell theory + plant and animal cells

• all living things are made up of cells
• prokaryotes have no nucleus or organelles; archeae and bacteria
• eukaryotes have a nucleus and other organelles; protists, fungi, animals, and plants
• an organelle is a structure that carries out a specific function for the cell
• the cell theory consists of 3 ideas:

  • all living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
  • the cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
  • all cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter
• cells perform basic activities to stay alive:

  • use energy
  • store materials
  • take materials from the environment
  • get rid of wastes
  • move substances to where they are needed
  • reproduce
• cytoplasm is the substance inside the cell which the organelles are suspended in
• cell membrane surrounds the cell; supports the cell and allows substances to enter while keeping others out
• nucleus contains genetic info called DNA which is stored in chromosomes
• DNA carries instructions for all cell activity
• mitochondria is the powehouse of the cell bc they make energy
• active cells have more mitochondria (ex. muscles)
• cells store energy as a form of glucose (sugar)
• the cellular respiration equation goes like: glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
• endoplasmic reticulum are fluid filled tubes that transport materials throughout the cell
• endoplasmic reticulum play 2 important roles:

  • brain: produce and release hormones
  • muscle: contraction
• golgi bodies collect and process materials to be removed from cell
• golgi bodies make and secrete mucus
• vacuole is a single layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac
• some functions of vacuole depend on the cell:

  • containing substances
  • removing unwanted substances
  • maintaining internal fluid pressure in cell
• animal cells have many vacuoles while plant cells have one central vacuole
• the cell wall and chloroplast are only found in plant cells
• cell wall provides support and protection for cell
• chloroplast gives leaves green colour
• chloroplast absorb light energy to be used in photosynthesis
• photosynthesis equation: carbon dioxide + water + energy (sunlight) -> glucose + oxygen