General Biology

• 1. Proteins 


  are large complex molecules composed of many smaller molecules called amino acids
• Nueclic acids are large complex macromolecules which store information that determine the type and structure of all specific proteins found in an organisms body
• Each nucleotide is composed of three components
• Nucleotides are linked together by postphodiester bonds to form the polymer nucleic acid
• There are two kinds of nucleic acids DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND RIBONUCLEIC ACID
• Who discovered the deoxyribunocleic acid? James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
• DNA segments carrying specific genetic information are called genes
• Composed of two helical strands of nucleotides forming double helix
• Double helix 50 years after the discovery
• Ribonucleic acid it is named after the ribose sugar found in the molecules backbone
• The three types of RNA the Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA
• Type of carbohydrates

  Monosaccharide

  Disaccharide

  Polysaccharide
• Example of disaccharide

  Sucrose

  Lactose

  Maltose
• Monosaccharide


  Simpliest form of carbohydrate
• Glucose 


  Known as dextrose or grape sugar
• Glycosuria


  It is the term for glucose present in urine.
• Fructose or levulose


  Sweetest among the sugar being two times as sweet as glucose
• Galactose 


  Helps identify blood types

  -known as galactosemia
• Disaccharides


  Two monosaccharides join together
• Sucrose 


  Commonly known as table sugar
• Lactose 


  Found in milk and milk products
• Maltose 


  Found in beer is composed of two glucose
• Polysaccharide examples

  Cellulose

  Chitin

  Starch

  Glycogen
• Cellulose 


  The most abundant organic molecule on earth provide support to cell walls of plants and other organisms such as bacteria
• Chitin


  A principal component of exoskeletons calculators of animals like mollusk and crustacean
• Starch


  The storage polysaccharide derived from potatoes, wheat, bread and pasta
• Glycogen 


  Usually referred to as animal starch is stored in the liver and muscle
• Lipids


  A diverse group of molecules that contains regions composed of entirely hydrogen and carbon with nonpolar c c and c h bands that make them hydrophobic (water fearing)
• Oils 


  Found in the seeds of plants
• Fats


  Produced by animals
• Saturated fats


  Sources of energy
• Fats can be classified as saturated fat and unsaturated fat
• Saturated fats 


  Hard, solid
• Unsaturated fats


  Liquid in room temperature
• Phospholipids


  Meda of glycerol fatty acids
• Sphingolipids 


  Organic amino alcohol sphingosine
• Waxes 


  Are simple lipids joined together by Ester
• Steroids 


  Compose of a ring of structure
• Proteins 


  Composed of many smaller molecules called amino acid

  20 amino acids
• Composed of 2 helical strands of nucleotides forming double helix