Anatomy

• anterior refers to front, posterior refers to back
• superior refers to upward surfaces, inferior refers to downward surfaces
• medial is towards midline of body, lateral is away from midline of body
• proximal is closer to point of attachment, distal is farther from point of attachment
• flexion is bending at joint that reduces angle, extension is opposite (joint is straight)
• adduction is movement of body segment towards body, abduction is movement of body segment away from body to the side
• plantar flexion is pointing toes, dorsiflexion is bending ankle to bring toes closer to shin
• pronation is rotating wrist so palm is down, supination is rotating wrist so palm is up
• inversion is standing on outer edge of foot, eversion is standing on inner edge of foot
• external rotation is turning body part outward from midline, internal rotation is turning body part toward midline
• elevation is movement upwards, depression is movement downwards
• circumduction is circular movement
• what is anatomical position

  anatomical position is standing upward, looking forward, arms/palms & toes facing forward
• frontal plane is vertical and divides body into anterior and posterior segments
• frontal plane can be referred to as the coronal plane
• transverse plane is horizontal and divides body into superior and inferior segments
• saggital plane is vertical and divides left and right segments
• saggital plane is also called median plane
• horizontal axis extends from left side of body to right
• longitudinal axis is vertical from head to toe
• antero-posterior axis extends from front of body to back
• axial skeleton is composed of spine, skull & rib cage
• appendicular skeleton includes moveable limbs and their supporting structures
• ball & socket joint: when ball of one joint fits into socket of another
• gliding joint: two flat bones surfaces glimade against one another
• hinge joint: convex portion of one bone fits into a concave portion of another
• pivot joint: a rounded point of one bone fits into the groove of another
• saddle & elipsoid joint: allows movement in two planes
• dislocation is when a bone is displaced from its joint
• separation is when ligaments are torn or distrupted
• agonist muscle is primarily responsible for movement of body part
• antagonist muscle counteracts, lengthening as agonist muscle contracts
• the point where muscle attaches to the more stationary bone is known as the origin
• the end of bone where the muscle attaches to the bone that moves the most is known as the insertion
• smooth muscle surrounds body’s internal organs
• cardiac muscles are found in heart and creates action that pumps blood
• skeletal muscles attach to bones are are responsible for movement
• what are the anterior muscle groups

  quadriceps, rotator cuff group, abdominals, pectoral muscles
• what are the posterior muscle groups

  erector spinae group, rhomboids, gluteals, hamstrings, calf muscles