Types of data

• What type of data is quantitative data?

  Numerical data
• What is an advantage of quantitative data?

  Easier to analyze and allows graphs
• What is a disadvantage of quantitative data?

  Oversimplifies behavior and loses meanings
• How is qualitative data expressed?


  In notes
• What is an advantage of qualitative data?

  Represents complexities and unexpected information
• What is a disadvantage of qualitative data?

  Harder to analyze and summarize
• What is the range in measures of dispersion?

  Difference between highest and lowest value
• What is an advantage of using range?

  Easy to calculate by subtracting values
• What is a disadvantage of range?

  Doesn't account for distribution of scores
• What does standard deviation (SD) measure?

  Average spread around the mean
• What is an advantage of standard deviation?

  More precise than the range
• What is a disadvantage of standard deviation?

  May hide some characteristics of data
• What is primary data?

  Data collected for a specific investigation
• What is an advantage of primary data?

  Provides specific information for research
• What is a disadvantage of primary data?

  Requires time and effort to collect
• What is secondary data?

  Data not collected by the researcher
• What is an advantage of secondary data?

  Inexpensive and requires minimal effort
• What is a disadvantage of secondary data?

  Quality may be questionable or incomplete
• What is meta-analysis?

  Combining data from multiple studies
• What is an advantage of meta-analysis?

  Increases validity of conclusions drawn
• What is a disadvantage of meta-analysis?

  Publication bias may affect results
• What is the mean in measures of central tendency?

  Average of all scores
• What is an advantage of the mean?

  Includes all scores in the data set
• What is a disadvantage of the mean?

  May be distorted by extreme values
• What is the median?

  Middle value of the data set
• What is an advantage of the median?

  Unaffected by extreme scores
• What is a disadvantage of the median?

  Less sensitive than the mean
• What is the mode?

  Most frequent value in the data set
• What is an advantage of the mode?

  Relevant to categorical data
• What is a disadvantage of the mode?

  May be overly simple and not useful
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative data?

  Quantitative Data:

  • Strengths: Easier to analyze, allows graphs, calculates averages.
  • Weaknesses: Oversimplifies behavior, loses individual meanings.

  
  

  Qualitative Data:

  • Strengths: Represents complexities, provides details.
  • Weaknesses: Harder to analyze, difficult to summarize.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of measures of dispersion?

  Range:

  • Strengths: Easy to calculate.
  • Weaknesses: Doesn't account for distribution of scores.

  
  

  Standard Deviation:

  • Strengths: More precise than range.
  • Weaknesses: May hide characteristics of data.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of primary and secondary data?

  Primary Data:

  • Strengths: Specific to research.
  • Weaknesses: Time-consuming to collect.

  
  

  Secondary Data:

  • Strengths: Inexpensive, requires minimal effort.
  • Weaknesses: Quality may be questionable.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of meta-analysis?

  Strengths:

  • Increases validity of conclusions.
  • Larger sample size for generalizations.

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Publication bias may affect results.
  • May not include all relevant studies.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of measures of central tendency?

  Mean:

  • Strengths: Sensitive to all scores.
  • Weaknesses: Distorted by extreme values.

  
  

  Median:

  • Strengths: Unaffected by extremes.
  • Weaknesses: Less sensitive than mean.

  
  

  Mode:

  • Strengths: Relevant for categorical data.
  • Weaknesses: May be overly simple.