Chapter 2 (Bio)

• To make a human, you need Sperm and Egg (or Ovum) each having 23 chromosomes, making 46 in the end
• Chromosomes have genes, and those genes are made of DNA
• What is DNA's shape?

  Double helix
• Mitosis: breaking down into two identical 'daughter' cells (for every other cell)
• Meiosis: makes 4 cells from one cell (for the sex cells)
• PMAT: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
• Monozygotic: zygote that divides in half and are identical
• Dizygotic: two eggs get fertalized
• 23rd Chromosomes are responsible for what?

  the sex, X-X is female, X-Y is male
• Genes produce amino acids which are a must for forming new cells, regulate, develop parts of the body, and are impacted by environmental factors
• Having a gene doesn't mean its expressed
• Alleles influence characteristics. Dominant alleles always express, whereas recessive alleles will only appear if it is with another recessive
• Genotype: the code

  Phenotype: what you see
• homozygous: both allele are the same
• Heterozygous: one allele is dominant and one is recessive
• Codominant: both alleles are expressed
• Sex-linked inheritances: Genes that are connected to the sex chromosomes (Males only have one X, so it is guarantee for expression)
• Polygenetic Inheritance: characteristics influenced by many pairs of alleles
• Epigenetics: a modification of Gene expression that does not affect the DNA, like environmental circumstances
• Female Abnormality : Turner (missing X), and Poly-X (too many x)
• Male Abnormality: Klinefelter (too many X's) and Supermale syndrome (too many y's)
• genetic Abnormalities: Cystic Fibrosis, diabetes, hemophilia, parents are health but both must be cariers
• Huntingtons disease is a dominant alleles
• Genetic Counselling: predicts the likelihood of chromosomal disorder
• Heritability: variability in a trait that is attributed to hereditary influence
• Selective breeding experiments: (in animals)
• non-shared environments: unique experiences by a single individual
• Shared Environment: Shared experiences to all members of the family.
• Canalization principle - Despite your environment, everyone experiences these things due to genes
• Range of reaction: genes give the boundaries of how far we can go
• Active Genotype: going out and seeking an environment that is helping out an interest
• Passive genotype: not actively looking for an environment but still being influenced by it
• Evocative Genotype: the association between an individual's genetically influenced behaviour and others' reactions to that behaviour.
• PMAT; how genes divide and seperate
• Autosomal: another allele is affected but its not the sex alleles
• CVS: collecting cells and tissues
• NIPT: blood test to see the free floating material
• Ultrasound: look at the outwards attrabutes of the fetus
• Amniocentesis: takes the ambiotic fluid to test for disorders
• Germline: gives new DNA (not ethical)