Mechanism of enzyme action: active site and substrate

• What are enzymes?

  Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
• What does it mean for enzymes to be efficient?

  They achieve results with minimal effort
• What role do enzymes play in biological systems?

  They catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms
• What is the name of the structure shown on the left side of the image?

  Substrate
• What does the induced fit model propose about the active site?

  The active site changes shape to fit the substrate
• What is the role of the substrate in enzyme activity?

  It binds to the active site of the enzyme
• What does the lock-and-key model suggest about the active site?

  It perfectly matches the substrate shape
• What is the definition of chemical reactions?

  • Processes that transform substances
• What is the relationship between the substrate and the enzyme shown in the image?

  • The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
  • This forms the enzyme-substrate complex
  • The enzyme catalyzes a reaction on the substrate
• What is the active site of an enzyme?

  Region where a substrate binds
• How does the substrate bind to the active site?

  Through non-covalent bonds
• What does efficient mean in the context of enzymes?

  • Able to achieve results with minimal effort
• What does it mean for enzymes to be selective?

  They work with specific substrates
• Why is the 3D structure of the active site important?

  It ensures a perfect fit with the substrate
• What is the purpose of the substrate binding site on the enzyme?

  It allows the substrate to bind to the enzyme
• What does specificity refer to in the context of the active site?

  Ability to bind only certain substrates
• What is the name of the blue object in the image?

  Enzyme
• What are the building blocks of the active site?

  Amino acids
• What is the name of the orange object in the image?

  Substrate
• What is the relationship between the enzyme and substrate in this image?

  • The substrate binds to the substrate binding site on the enzyme
  • This allows the enzyme to catalyze a reaction on the substrate
  • The noncovalent bonds between the enzyme and substrate facilitate this interaction
• How does the structure of the active site contribute to enzyme specificity?

  Its unique shape matches specific substrates
• What are the key features of the Lock-and-Key and Induced Fit models?

  • Lock-and-Key: Rigid fit, precise binding
  • Induced Fit: Shape adjustment, enhanced efficiency
• What does selective mean in the context of enzymes?

  • Working with specific substrates
• What is the significance of the active site in enzyme function?

  • Binds substrates to catalyze reactions
  • Must fit substrate perfectly for efficiency
  • Composed of specific amino acids
• What factors of the active site ensure correct substrate binding?

  Shape, size, and chemical properties
• How does the enzyme-substrate complex change from the initial state to the final state shown in the image?

  • The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
  • This causes a conformational change in the enzyme
  • The enzyme-substrate complex is formed
  • The enzyme catalyzes a reaction on the substrate
  • The final enzyme-substrate complex is shown on the right
• What forms after the chemical reaction is complete?

  The enzyme-product complex is formed
• What are the structures called that connect the enzyme and substrate in the image?

  Noncovalent bonds
• What is the nature of the binding between substrate and active site?

  It is temporary and reversible
• What is the definition of enzymes?

  • Proteins that catalyze reactions in biological systems
• What happens to the enzyme after the substrate binds?

  The enzyme's shape remains unchanged
• What types of non-covalent bonds are involved in substrate-active site interaction?

  Hydrogen, ionic, and hydrophobic interactions
• Why is the specificity of the active site important for enzymes?

  It prevents unwanted reactions and maintains selectivity
• What is the name of the structure shown on the right side of the image?

  Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• What begins the catalytic process?

  The enzyme-substrate complex forms
• What is the key term associated with the catalytic process?

  Catalytic process
• What role does the enzyme play in the enzyme-substrate complex?

  It facilitates the chemical reaction on the substrate
• How do enzymes compare to catalysts in a lab?

  They are naturally occurring catalysts in the body
• What is hydrolysis in the context of chemical reactions?

  Adding water to break down a molecule
• What forms the enzyme-substrate complex?

  Substrate binds to the enzyme's active site