Factors affecting enzyme activity

• Why is enzyme activity essential for life?

  It powers all biological processes
• What do enzymes lower to speed up reactions?

  The activation energy needed for a reaction
• How do enzymes function in biological systems?

  They speed up chemical reactions in cells
• What are enzymes?

  Biological catalysts that speed up reactions
• What does the graph of enzyme activity show regarding temperature?

  • Enzyme activity peaks at an optimum temperature
  • Activity declines as enzyme structure breaks down
• What is indicated by the "Optimum pH" on the graph?

  The pH at which the enzyme is most active
• According to the graph, what is the optimum pH for the enzyme represented by the red line?

  Around pH 8
• What is the optimal temperature for enzyme activity in humans?

  37°C
• What happens to enzyme activity when the pH is significantly different from its optimum?

  Activity decreases
• What is the label on the x-axis of the graph?

  pH
• How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

  • Enzyme activity increases with temperature to a point
  • There is an optimum temperature at which enzyme activity is highest.
  • Beyond the optimum temperature, activity decreases.
• What enzyme is responsible for converting nutrients into energy?

  ATP Synthase
• How does temperature influence enzyme activity?

  It affects kinetic energy of molecules
• What role do ionic bonds play in enzyme structure?

  They stabilize the enzyme structure
• Why does pH affect enzyme activity?

  It disrupts ionic bonds stabilizing enzyme structure
• What is the relationship between pH and enzyme activity?

  • pH affects enzyme activity
  • Changes charges of amino acids
  • Disrupts ionic bonds in active site
  • Each enzyme has an optimal pH
• Which enzyme produces glucose from light during photosynthesis?

  RuBisCO
• What does the graph of enzyme activity versus pH demonstrate?

  • Different enzymes have distinct optimal pH values
  • Enzyme activity peaks at specific pH levels
  • pH specificity varies among enzymes like pepsin and catalase
• What happens to reaction velocity as substrate concentration increases?

  It rises until enzyme saturation occurs
• What roles do enzymes play in biological functions?

  They drive metabolism, digestion, and respiration
• What are the key features that differentiate enzymes from non-enzyme catalysts?

  • Speed: Enzymes are high, non-enzymes are moderate
  • Specificity: Enzymes are high, non-enzymes are low
  • Biological Activity: Enzymes are active, non-enzymes are inactive
• What occurs to enzyme activity beyond a certain temperature point?

  Excessive heat breaks bonds maintaining enzyme shape
• What analogy is used to describe enzymes?

  Chefs adding heat to a recipe
• What does temperature affect in biological systems?

  Enzyme activity
• What happens to the enzyme's active site beyond the optimal temperature?

  Its shape changes and becomes denatured
• At what pH does pepsin work best?

  pH 2
• How does pH change enzyme activity?

  By changing charges of amino acids
• At what pH does catalase prefer to work?

  pH 7
• What is the label on the x-axis of the graph?

  pH
• What is the label on the y-axis of the graph?

  Increasing enzyme activity
• What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

  Peaks at optimal pH, drops if extreme
• What happens to molecules as temperature increases?

  They move faster and collide more frequently
• How does pH affect the enzyme pepsin?

  Pepsin works best in a highly acidic environment
• What occurs to enzyme activity if the pH is too acidic or alkaline?

  It decreases from the optimal level
• How does enzyme activity change as temperature rises from low to optimal levels?

  Activity increases until it peaks at optimal
• What can be inferred about the activity of pepsin, the enzyme, and catalase at different pH levels?

  • Pepsin: Optimal activity at acidic pH (around 3), with activity decreasing as pH increases
  • Enzyme: Optimal activity around neutral pH (around 8), with activity decreasing as pH moves away from this optimum
  • Catalase: Optimal activity at alkaline pH (around 10), with activity decreasing as pH decreases
• What is the name of the enzyme shown in the graph?

  Vmax
• Which enzyme has an optimal pH of around 10, according to the graph?

  Catalase
• What are the effects of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on enzyme activity?

  • Temperature: Affects the speed of enzyme reactions
  • pH: Influences enzyme activity based on acidity
  • Substrate Concentration: Determines enzyme production levels
• What happens to enzyme activity when the pH is significantly different from its optimum?

  Activity decreases