immunity and cells of the immune sytem

• innate immunity is what you are born with and is non-specific and quick
• innate immunity consists of biochemical factor and barrier protection as well as monocytes and granulocytes being apart of the innate immune response
• adaptive/aquired immunit is obtained upon exposure to a substance or pathogen and is mediated by lymphocytes
• granulocytes release granules of antomicrobial chemical s
• granulocytes:

  • basophil
  • neutrophil
  • eosnophil
• mast cells, eosnophils and basophils are involved in allergic responses and are responsible for dealing with larger pathogens
• the immune cells involved in the innate immune response is derived from the myeloid lieage
• the immune cells derived from the aquires/adaptive immune response is derived from the lymphoid lineage
• macrophages are involved in phagocytosis and are known to be proessional eaters
• macrophages are known as tissue residant cells which clears tissues and organs of cellular debris play a regulatory role in homeostasis as well as each and every tissur in the body having a specific type
• examples of tissue residant cells:

  • kupffer-liver cells
  • alveolar macrophages for the lungs
  • microglia for the CNS
• macrophages are involved in inflammation and releases cytokines to help mediate and shape the immune repsonse
• monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells when needed
• macrophages are versatile
• PMNs - polymorphomuclear luekocytes
• granulocytes use cytokines and other biochemical messengers to help influence and shape the immune response
• nuetrophils are the most abundant WBC making up to 50-70%
• neutrophils are the first to aid aind arrive at site of damage or infection and is also the reson infections produce pus
• neutrophils have a short life span and releases enzymes to destroy foreign substances
• neutrophil granules degranulate when they come into contact with the antigen
• neutrophils use chemotaxic factors such as:

  • leukotrines
  • vasoactive kines
  • toxicmetabolites
  • proffesional phagocytes
• chemotaxic factors - molecules which stimulate directional locomotion of cells in gradients
• eosnophils are less numerous than neutrophils and are involved in tissue repair and wound healing
• eosnophils release cytokines, chemokines and other chemical factors
• eosnophils are involved in inflammation and bronchospasm
• monocytes are larger than most WBC making up 2-10% with kidney shaped nucleus and lacking granules
• monocytes serve as scavenger cells
• functions of monocytes includes:

  • phagocytosis
  • antigen presentation
  • immune surveillance (monitoring tissue damage)
  • involved in the inflammatory process
• neutrophils can potentially harm surronding cells
• eosnophils are mainly found in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
• eosnophils are most predominant during allergic reactions and parasitic infections
• eosnophils carry certain enzymes which are used to nuetralise chemicals responsible for allergic responses
• PMNs are typically bilobe meaning they consist of two lobes
• vasospasm increases vascular permeability and leads to increased inflammation
• basophils are the least numerous amongst granulocytes making up to less than 1% of WBC
• basophils are not strong in structure and release histamine and herapin upon degranulation
• histamine and herapin are involved in the immune response
• histamine increases capillary permeability which contributes to the inflammatory response causing edema
• herapin activates lipoprotein lipase that degrades triglycerides into the blood from dietary resources
• basophils are inflammatory mediators for allergic reactions and parasitic infections