Microbiology

• Oxygen availability can also influence microbial growth, with some microorganisms requiring oxygen for growth (aerobes) and others being able to grow in the absence of oxygen (anaerobes).
• resident microbiota consists of relatively fixed types of microorganisms regularly found in a given area at a given age; if disturbed, it promptly reestablishes itself
• transient microbiota consists of nonpathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms that inhabit the skin or mucous membranes for hours, days, or weeks
• microbes are classified into three domains based on their evolutionary relationships: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
• Archaea includes extremophiles such as methanogens, hyperthermophiles, halophiles, and acidophiles.
• Bacteria is the most diverse domain, consisting of prokaryotic organisms that lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles.
• Archaea includes prokaryotes that have unique cell structures and metabolic processes distinct from bacteria.
• Eukarya encompasses all eukaryotic organisms, including protists, fungi, plants, animals, and humans.
• Bacteria is divided into two main groups: Gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria.
• Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan cell walls and retain crystal violet dye during staining, while gram-negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan cell walls and do not stain well with crystal violet.
• Eukaryotes include fungi, protozoans, algae, plants, animals, and humans.
• Eukarya include all eukaryotes, including protists, fungi, plants, animals, and humans.
• Viruses are not considered living organisms because they cannot reproduce independently and require host cells to multiply.
• Microscopic organisms have been identified since ancient times, but modern methods of identification were developed during the late 1800s by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.
• Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms, including protists, fungi, plants, animals, and humans.
• Protists are unicellular eukaryotes with various shapes and functions, ranging from parasites to photosynthetic algae.
• Protists include unicellular eukaryotes with various shapes and functions, ranging from parasites to photosynthetic algae.
• Fungi include yeasts, mold, mushrooms, and smuts, which obtain nutrients by absorbing them through their cell walls.
• Fungi consist of multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients by absorbing them through their cell walls.
• The cell wall structure differs between these types of bacteria.
• Gram-positive bacteria retain crystal violet dye during staining, while gram-negative bacteria do not.
• The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
• Fungi are multicellular or unicellular eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by absorbing them through their cell wall.
• Protist refers to unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as plant, animal, or fungus.
• Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers with teichoic acids attached to them, while gram-negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan layers surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
• Fungi include yeasts, molds, mushrooms, rusts, smuts, and water molds.
• Protists are single-celled or multicellular eukaryotes that lack specialized tissues and organs.
• Protozoans are single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitic.
• The first microorganism discovered was yeast, which was used as an ingredient in bread making.
• Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound nuclei and other membranous organelles found in eukaryotic cells.
• Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by absorbing them through their cell membranes.
• Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes found in freshwater, marine environments, and on land.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the compound microscope in 1674, allowing him to observe single-celled organisms such as bacteria.
• The three domains of life are Bacteria (prokaryotes), Archaea (archaeobacteria), and Eukarya (eukaryotes).
• The three domains of life are Bacteria (prokaryotes), Archaea (extremophiles), and Eukarya (organisms with true nucleus).
• Archaeal cells resemble bacterial cells in structure but differ from them chemically.
• Louis Pasteur's experiments on fermentation led to his discovery that microbes can cause spoilage and disease.
• Bacterial cells lack membrane-bound nuclei or other membranous organelles.
• Fungi are multicellular or filamentous eukaryotes that obtain nutrients through absorption rather than ingestion.
• Archaea includes extremophile microbes that live in extreme environments such as hot springs or acidic lakes.